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Contents

Contributors Preface Part I. Introduction: Overview and Background Chapter 1. Methodology: What It Is and Why It Is So Important Alan E. Kazdin Part II. Beginning the Research Process Research Ideas Chapter 2. Beginning the Research Process: Key Concepts That Can Guide a Study Alan E. Kazdin Chapter 3. Getting Out of Our Conceptual Ruts: Strategies for Expanding Conceptual Frameworks Allan W. Wicker Chapter 4. Translational Research Michael T. Bardo and Mary Ann Pentz Foci of Research Chapter 5. In Defense of External Invalidity Douglas G. Mook Chapter 6. When Small Effects Are Impressive Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T. Miller Part III. Sampling and Assigning Participants to Conditions Samples and Selection of Participants Chapter 7. Most People Are Not WEIRD Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine, and Ara Norenzayan Chapter 8. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American Jeffrey J. Arnett Chapter 9. Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data? Michael Buhrmester, Tracy Kwang, and Samuel D. Gosling Randomization and Group Equivalence Chapter 10. Random Sampling, Randomization, and Equivalence of Contrasted Groups in Psychotherapy Outcome Research Louis M. Hsu Research Design Options Chapter 11. Experimental and Observational Designs: An Overview Alan E. Kazdin Part IV. Assessment Measurement Development, Reliability, and Validity Chapter 12. Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development Lee Anna Clark and David Watson Chapter 13. Selecting Measures for Research Investigations Alan E. Kazdin Chapter 14. Measurement and Assessment: An Editorial View Cecil R. Reynolds Measurement Among Diverse Samples Chapter 15. Methodological Issues in Assessment Research With Ethnic Minorities Sumie Okazaki and Stanley Sue Part V. Data Analysis, Evaluation, and Presentation Background and Underpinnings of Data Analyses Chapter 16. On the Origins of the .05 Level of Statistical Significance Michael Cowles and Caroline Davis Chapter 17. Things I Have Learned (So Far) Jacob Cohen Null Hypotheses Testing, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian Statistics Chapter 18. A Power Primer Jacob Cohen Chapter 19. Statistical Significance Testing and Cumulative Knowledge in Psychology: Implications for Training of Researchers Frank L. Schmidt Chapter 20. An Effect Size Primer: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers Christopher J. Ferguson Chapter 21. The Proof of the Pudding: An Illustration of the Relative Strengths of Null Hypothesis, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian Analysis George S. Howard, Scott E. Maxwell, and Kevin J. Fleming Data Presentation Chapter 22. Designing Better Graphs by Including Distributional Information and Integrating Words, Numbers, and Images David M. Lane and Anikó Sándor Part VI. Special Topics: Evaluation in Clinical Practice and Research Assessment and Evaluation in Clinical Work Chapter 23. Collecting Client Feedback Michael J. Lambert and Kenichi Shimokawa Chapter 24. Revisiting and Reenvisioning the Outcome Problem in Psychotherapy: An Argument to Include Individualized and Qualitative Measurement Clara E. Hill, Harold Chui, and Ellen Baumann Evaluating Interventions Chapter 25. Beyond Efficacy and Effectiveness: A Multifaceted Approach to Treatment Evaluation Timothy D. Nelson and Ric G. Steele Chapter 26. Methodological Challenges in Treatment Outcome Research With Ethnic Minorities Anna S. Lau, Doris F. Chang, and Sumie Okazaki Part VII. Multiple Methodologies Chapter 27. The Epistemology of Mathematical and Statistical Modeling: A Quiet Methodological Revolution Joseph Lee Rodgers Chapter 28. Qualitative Research and Its Place in Psychological Science Anna Madill and Brendan Gouge Chapter 29. Single-Case Experimental Research Designs Alan E. Kazdin Part VIII. Ethical Issues and Scientific Integrity Guidelines and Codes Chapter 30. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct American Psychological Association Chapter 31. Research Ethics: How to Treat People Who Participate in Research Ezekiel Emanuel, Emily Abdoler, and Leanne Stunkel Chapter 32. Research Ethics for Mental Health Science Involving Ethnic Minority Children and Youths Celia B. Fisher, Kimberly Hoagwood,Cheryl Boyce, Troy Duster, Deborah A. Frank, Thomas Grisso, Robert J. Levine, Ruth Macklin, Margaret Beale Spencer, Ruby Takanishi, Joseph E. Trimble, and Luis H. Zayas Questionable Research Practices, Fraud, and Professional Responsibilities Chapter 33. False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant Joseph P. Simmons, Leif D. Nelson, and Uri Simonsohn Chapter 34. Why Has the Number of Scientific Retractions Increased? R. Grant Steen, Arturo Casadevall, and Ferric C. Fang Chapter 35. Best Practices for Allocating Appropriate Credit and Responsibility to Authors of Multi-Authored Articles Lucas D. Eggert Part IX. Reproducibility of Findings: Replication and Improving Research Practices Chapter 36. Shall We Really Do It Again? The Powerful Concept of Replication is Neglected in the Social Sciences Stefan Schmidt Chapter 37. The Empirical March: Making Science Better at Self-Correction Matthew C. Makel Chapter 38. Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology Jens B. Asendorpf, Mark Conner, Filip de Fruyt, Jan De Houwer, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Klaus Fiedler, Susann Fiedler, David C. Funder, Reinhold Kliegl, Brian A. Nosek, Marco Perugini, Brent W. Roberts, Manfred Schmitt, Marcel A. G. van Aken, Hannelore Weber, and Jelte M. Wicherts Part X. Publication and Communication of Research Reporting Standards: What to Cover and Include in an Article Chapter 39. Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be? APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards Preparing Articles for Publication Chapter 40. Publication and Communication of Research Findings Alan E. Kazdin Chapter 41. Writing a Review Article for Psychological Bulletin Daryl J. Bem Part XI. Perspectives on Methodology Chapter 42. Methodology: Perspectives and General Lessons to Guide Research Alan E. Kazdin Index About the Editor

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