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Contents

Preface xv Dedication xviii Acknowledgments xix Part One Framing Diversity 1 Chapter 1 The Psychology of Diversity: Challenges and Benefits 3 Introduction 4 The Goals of This Book 6 What is Diversity About? 6 A Taxonomy of Diversity 9 When Diversity Does Not Add Up To Equality 10 Perspectives on Diversity 11 Behavioral Science and Diversity 11 Diversity within Diversity 13 The Diversity Divide: Benefits versus Challenges 14 What Are the Benefits of Diversity? 14 What Are the Challenges of Diversity? 17 Organization of this Book 19 Summary 22 Chapter 2 Central Concepts in the Psychology of Diversity 27 Introduction 27 Understanding Diversity 30 What is the Psychology of Diversity? 30 What's in a Social Group Label? 33 Social Biases: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination 34 What Are They Like? Stereotypes 34 How Do I Feel About Them? Prejudice 35 How Do I Treat Them? Discrimination and Fairness 37 Biases Below and Above the Surface 40 The Structure of Social Bias 41 Racism: A Case Example of Social Bias 41 The Different Layers of Social Bias 42 Research Methods for the Study of Social Bias 45 The Scientific Enterprise 45 Making Sense of the World Scientifically: Theories and Research Methods 46 Testing Our Ideas: Research Designs 47 Making Meaning from Research: Measures and Analysis of Data 49 Summary 49 Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives on Diversity in the United States 55 Introduction 55 Push-Pull: Dynamics of Diversity 57 Immigration, Importation, and Citizenship 57 U.S. Population Growth is Fueled by Immigration 58 Who Are Citizens of the United States? 59 Immigration and Ethnic Diversity 61 Benevolent Sexism as Legal Argument 62 Cultural Conditioning of American Indians 63 Negative Responses to Diversity 64 Immigration Policy 65 Civil Rights 68 Diversity and Civil Rights 68 Expanding Diversity and Inclusion in U.S. Society Through Civil Rights 72 Affirmative Action as a Diversity Approach 74 A Nation of Minorities 78 Challenges of Diversity 80 Individual Rights, Diversity, and Prejudice Collide 80 Diversity and Difference 81 Majority and Minority 82 Summary 83 Part Two Psychological Processes 87 Chapter 4 Personality and Individual Differences: How Different Types of People Respond to Diversity in Different Ways 89 Introduction 89 Origins of Prejudice: Allport's Lens Model 90 Personality and Prejudice 92 The Abnormality of Prejudice: The Psychodynamic Model 93 Psychodynamic Theory and Prejudice 93 Prejudice against Difference: The Authoritarian Personality 94 The Legacy of Authoritarianism: Contemporary Measures 96 The Normality of Prejudice 99 Conformity and Norms 99 Social Dominance 100 Authoritarianism and SDO: Sometimes a Lethal Combination 104 Religion and Prejudice 106 Politics and Prejudice 107 Individual Differences in Blatant and Subtle Prejudice 109 Summary 111 Chapter 5 Social Cognition and Categorization: Distinguishing "Us" from "Them" 117 Introduction 117 We Are Social Animals 118 How We Think About People: Social Cognition 119 Acquiring Information: Attributions 120 Integrating Information: Cognitive Consistency 124 How We Think About Groups: Social Categorization and Group Membership 128 Who is "In" and Who is "Out"? Social Categorization 129 Thinking Differently About Us and Them 132 What Can We Do? Reducing Bias and Embracing Diversity 133 "Me" and "You" Instead of "Us" and "Them": Decategorization 134 Playing on the Same Team: Recategorization 136 Implications and Applications of Category-based Models for Reducing Bias 138 Summary 141 Chapter 6 Social Identity, Roles, and Relations: Motivational Influences in Responses to Diversity 147 Introduction 147 Feeling Good about Us: Social Identity 148 Who Am I? Personal and Social Identity 149 Many Me's: Multiple Identities 151 My Group Is Better Than Yours: Creating Positive Identity 152 Confusing "What is" with "What Should Be": Social Roles and System Justification 155 Blaming the Victim: Attributions to Groups 155 Judging Who People Are by What Jobs They Do: Social Roles 156 Maintaining the Status Quo: System Justification 158 Slipping into the Darkness: Groups in Competition 161 "You Dirty Rattler": Conflict between Groups 162 Threatening What We Have and What We Are: Realistic and Symbolic Conflict 162 What Can We Do? Changing How Groups Relate 164 Achieving More Together Than Alone: Superordinate Goals 165 Putting the Pieces Together: Jigsaw Classroom 165 You Complete Me (Us): Mutual Intergroup Differentiation 166 Which Approach is Best? 167 Summary 168 Chapter 7 Is Bias in the Brain? 173 Introduction 173 What's Under the Hood? The Organization of the Human Brain 175 How We Know How the Brain Functions 176 Brain Structure and Function 177 Brain Structure, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations 178 Warning! Difference Ahead! 179 Who Are You? Race and Face Perception 183 Brain Function and Intergroup Bias 187 Explicit and Implicit Bias 188 Contemporary Prejudice 192 What Can We Do? Addressing Implicit Bias 195 Acknowledging Implicit Bias 196 Controlling Implicit Bias Through Unconscious Goals 197 Summary 198 Chapter 8 Coping and Adapting to Stigma and Difference 205 Introduction 205 Social Stigma and Cultural Difference 207 The Social "Stain" of Stigma 208 How Social and Cultural Difference Divides Us 210 Racial Socialization and Acculturation 211 Preparing Children for a Racialized Society: Racial Socialization 212 Adapting to a Different Culture: Acculturation 212 Stresses Caused by Stigma and Difference 213 Perceiving Discrimination is Bad for Your Health 213 Stereotype Threat is "in the Air" 214 Coping with Perceived Discrimination 220 How Group Membership Influences the Ways We Cope with Discrimination 220 The Ways We Cope with Discrimination Individually 223 Collective Identities 224 How We Relate to Our Racial Group: Racial Identity 225 How We Relate to Our Ethnic Group: Ethnic Identity 228 Summary 231 Chapter 9 Intergroup Interactions: Pitfalls and Promises 239 Introduction 239 Psychological Challenges of Intergroup Interaction 241 Preparing for the "First Date" 241 Where Do We Go from Here? Experiences in Intergroup Interactions 242 You (Can) Complete Me 246 Under the Radar? Implicit Bias and Intergroup Interaction 248 Some Conclusions About Intergroup Interactions 251 The Promise of Positive Intergroup Interaction 252 How Does Contact Work? 253 Friends of My Friends 255 Just Imagine! 256 Summary 257 Part Three Culture, Power, and Institutions 263 Chapter 10 Cultural Diversity: Preferences, Meaning, and Difference 265 Introduction 265 What is Culture? 268 When Do Race Preferences Begin? 270 Why Do Early Preferences Matter? 271 How Do Cultures Differ? 272 What We Value 272 How We See Power 274 How We Relate to Others: Individualism-Collectivism 276 How We Perceive "the Other": Enemyship 278 How We Understand Time: Psychological Time 279 How We Create Meaning: Religion 280 Cultural Diversity 283 Now We See It, Now We Don't: Perspectives on Cultural Diversity 285 Culture Wars Promote Conflict and Contest 287 Culture Peace Promotes Representation and Belonging 289 Preventing Bias and Favoritism 291 Summary 293 Chapter 11 Social Roles and Power in a Diverse Society 299 Introduction 299 Power Matters 302 Who's Got the Power? Power Dynamics and Diversity 305 It's Just Natural: The Power of Social Roles and Social Groups 306 Who's at the Top and Why? CEOs, Lawyers, and Janitors 307 Multiple Me: Intersectionality and Power 308 A Social Hierarchy: What's Diversity Got To Do With it? 310 Psychological Sources of Power 310 Skin Color, Social Role, and Power 312 Social Dominance: My Group Versus Your Group 314 Social Class as a Source of Power 315 Pathways to Fairness: Reducing Bias in Power Dynamics 316 You Have More Power-What Should I Expect? 317 Maybe the Status Quo Has Too Much Power 318 Stereotyping: Can it Help and Not Harm? 319 Summary 320 Chapter 12 The Challenge of Diversity for Institutions 327 Introduction 327 Portraits of Institutional Bias 329 Texaco: Recognizing Diversity Bias and Doing Something About it 329 An All-Girls Math Class: Educational Bias on Purpose 330 How Institutional Bias Operates 332 The Origins of Institutional Bias: A Case Example 333 Types of Institutional Bias 333 Most Bias is Standard-of-Practice Bias 335 Can Affirmative Action Address Institutional Bias? 336 Home Ownership and Mortgage Lending 337 Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age Disparities in Unemployment 339 The Criminal Justice System and Ethnicity Disparities 340 Ethnic Disparities in Capital Punishment 341 Healthcare, Marriage, and Environmental Safety 341 What Makes Institutional Bias so Challenging? 343 Effects of Institutional Bias Are Far-reaching 344 Emotions May Run High 345 Maybe Poverty Leads to Institutional Bias 347 Preventing Institutional Bias is a Challenge 348 Valuing Diversity 348 Diversity Training in Higher Education 349 Summary 350 Chapter 13 The Psychology of Diversity: Principles and Prospects 355 Introduction 356 Diversity is Diverse 357 Diversity When it is All Good 359 Diversity is Normal 361 Doing Diversity is Hard 362 Diversity Demands Change 363 Diversity Sometimes Stands Opposed to Fairness 363 Bias Has Deep-seated Psychological Roots and Consequences 363 Diversity Complicates Interpersonal and Intergroup Interactions 364 Principles of Diversity: What Have We Learned in This Book? 365 Bias Against Diversity is Not Inevitable 365 Diversity Presents Opportunities to Learn 366 Interaction Improves Attitudes Toward Other Groups 366 Diverse Contexts Promote Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity 366 Personal Motivation Can Limit or Prevent Bias 367 Belief That Biases Can Be Changed Increases People's Interest in Diversity 367 People Can Learn To Be Unprejudiced 367 Approach and Avoidance Motivations Are Keys to Diversity Dynamics 368 Individual Ideology and Values Determine Diversity Attitudes, Support, and Actions 368 People Are Resilient in the Face of Discrimination 368 Respect Promotes Diversity Among Members of Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups 369 Support for Diversity is Greatest When it Includes Your Group 369 Programs to Promote Intergroup Relations Can Succeed 370 Trust is Crucial for Dealing with Difference and Change 370 Organizational Values, Goals, and Practices Determine the Success of Diversity Efforts 371 Conclusion 371 Glossary 377 Index 401

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