Best-selling classic text covering all major aspects of rocket propulsion, now updated to cover the latest industry trends Building on the success of the previous editions, the Tenth Edition of Rocket Propulsion Elements offers a thorough introduction to the basic principles of rocket propulsion, a description of the various components of rocket propulsion systems, and an understanding of how rocket propulsion is applied to flight vehicles. The strength of the book lies in its delivery of both theory and practical applications, covering rocket propulsion for guided missiles, space flight, and satellite flight clearly and comprehensively. This Tenth Edition includes the latest advances in the field, such as improvements in materials, systems design, applications, propellants such as chemical propellants, manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing, rocket-stage recovery and reuse, and new types of launch vehicles. Older system types that have fallen out of use are replaced with updated examples of systems representative of those used in the industry today. New problems are introduced in many chapters, and the book is accompanied by an online gas dynamics and two-stage flight vehicle calculator. Rocket Propulsion Elements includes information on: O Liquid, solid, and hybrid chemical propulsion and electric propulsion concepts, illustrated using detailed examples O Nozzle theory and thermodynamic relations, covering isentropic flow, nozzle configurations including cone- and bell-shaped nozzles, and nozzle alignment O Flight performance, covering launch vehicles and satellite systems, basic relations of motion, space flight maneuvers, and flight stability O Liquid propellants, covering liquid oxidizers, fuels, and monopropellants as well as safety and environmental concerns O Thrust chambers, propellant feed systems, and turbomachinery, covering materials, fabrication, and heat transfer analysis O Solid propellant fundamentals, properties of energetic materials, combustion stability, and construction of solid propellant rocket motors Rocket Propulsion Elements is an excellent learning resource for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students in the fields of mechanical and aerospace engineering taking courses related to rocket propulsion, spacecraft propulsion, or advanced space propulsion. The book is also useful for practicing engineers and scientists in aerospace related industries and research and development firms.
PREFACE TO THE 10TH EDITION xv
In Memoriam George Paul Sutton (1920-2020) xvii
1 Classification 1
1.1. Jet Propulsion 2
1.2. Rocket Propulsion 5
1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 14
2 Definitions and Fundamentals 25
2.1. Definitions 25
2.2. Thrust 29
2.3. Exhaust Velocity 31
2.4. Energy and Efficiencies 32
2.5. Multiple Parallel Propulsion Systems 35
2.6. Typical Performance Values 36
2.7. Variable Thrust 37
3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 42
3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems 42
3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 44
3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles 47
3.4. Nozzle Configurations 66
3.5. Real Nozzles 73
3.6. Nozzle Alignment 81
4 Flight Performance 88
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 88
4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 91
4.3. Basic Relations of Motion 94
4.4. Space Flight 100
4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers 112
4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 117
4.7. Flight Vehicles 119
4.8. Military Missiles 127
4.9. Flight Stability 130
5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 136
5.1. Background and Fundamentals 137
5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 143
5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 147
5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis 150
5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 151
6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 165
6.1. Types of Propellants 168
6.2. Propellant Tanks 171
6.3. Propellant Feed Systems 176
6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 178
6.5. Tank Pressurization 183
6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 187
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 196
6.8. Engine Families 199
6.9. Valves and Pipelines 200
6.10. Engine Support Structure 204
7 Liquid Propellants 210
7.1. Propellant Properties 214
7.2. Liquid Oxidizers 219
7.3. Liquid Fuels 223
7.4. Liquid Monopropellants 227
7.5. Gaseous Propellants 230
7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns 231
8 Thrust Chambers 237
8.1. Injectors 237
8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 250
8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters 262
8.4. Materials and Fabrication 265
8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis 272
8.6. Start-up and Ignition 282
8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers 285
8.8. Random Variable Thrust 286
8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 287
9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 303
9.1. Combustion Process 303
9.2. Analysis and Simulation 306
9.3. Combustion Instability 307
10 Turbopumps and their Gas Supplies 320
10.1. Introduction 320
10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopump Assemblies 321
10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration 325
10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances 329
10.5. Pumps 330
10.6. Turbines 338
10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design 341
10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners 344
11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 350
11.1. Propellant Budget 350
11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 352
11.3. Engine Design 355
11.4. Engine Controls 361
11.5. Engine System Calibration 371
11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization 377
12 Solid-propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 381
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate 388
12.2. Other Performance Issues 401
12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 405
12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 413
12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors 422
13 Solid Rocket Propellants 431
13.1. Classification 431
13.2. Propellant Characteristics 436
13.3. Hazards 442
13.4. Propellant Ingredients 447
13.5. Other Propellant Categories 458
13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 460
13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 463
14 Solid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 472
14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 472
14.2. Ignition Process 475
14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 476
14.4. Combustion Instability 478
15 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 488
15.1. Rocket Motor Case 488
15.2. Nozzles 496
15.3. Igniter Hardware 507
15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 512
16 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 523
16.1. Applications and Propellants 525
16.2. Hybrid Rocket Engine Interior Ballistics 528
16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 531
16.4. Design Example 535
16.5. Combustion Instability 539
17 Electric Propulsion 547
17.1. Ideal Flight Performance 552
17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 556
17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters 562
17.4. Optimum Flight Performance 575
17.5. Mission Applications 579
17.6. Electric Space-power Supplies and Power-conditioning Systems 580
18 Thrust Vector Control (TVC) 591
18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 593
18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 601
18.3. Testing 603
18.4. Integration with Vehicle 605
19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 608
19.1. Selection Process 610
19.2. Criteria for Selection 614
19.3. Interfaces 616
19.4. Cost Reduction 616
19.5. Optimization Results 618
20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 621
20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 621
20.2. Plume Effects 633
20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 638
21 Rocket Testing 641
21.1. Types of Tests 641
21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 643
21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 648
21.4. Flight Testing 652
21.5. Postaccident Procedures 652
Symbols 653
References 653
Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 655
Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere 658
Appendix 3 Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 659
Appendix 4 Rockets Book Calculator 662
Index 665
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