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List of Contributors About the Companion Websites 1 Introduction 1 Graham Davey Part I Clinical Psychology 5 2 Clinical Practice 7 Graham Davey 3 The Causes of Mental Health Problems: Psychoses and Autistic Spectrum Disorder 19 Graham Davey 4 The Causes of Mental Health Problems: Anxiety and Mood Disorders 41 Graham Davey 5 Treating Mental Health Problems with Psychological Therapies 65 Graham Davey Part II Health Psychology 83 6 What is Health Psychology? 85 Charles Abraham, Mark Conner, Fiona Jones & Daryl B. O'Connor 7 A Biopsychosocial Approach to Health Psychology 105 Daryl B. O'Connor, Mark Conner & Charles Abraham 8 Stress, Coping, and Health 125 Daryl B. O'Connor, Fiona Jones, Charles Abraham & Mark Conner 9 Social Psychology and Health 145 Mark Conner, Charles Abraham & Daryl B. O'Connor Copyrighted Material Part III Forensic Psychology 167 10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Working with Organisations and Offenders 169 Carol A. Ireland 11 Working with Child and Adult Victims 189 Ivan Sebalo, Nishant Krishnan & Michelle Davies 12 Eyewitnesses and the Use and Application of Cognitive Theory 207 Charlie Frowd 13 Violence Assessment and Intervention 233 Jane L. Ireland Part IV Educational Psychology 257 14 Educational Psychology: History and Overview 259 Robin Banerjee, Andy Tolmie & Jim Boyle 15 Educational Psychology: Pupil needs and Interventions 281 Robin Banerjee, Andy Tolmie & Jim Boyle 16 Educational Psychology: Research on Cognitive and Biological Factors 305 Andy Tolmie 17 Educational Psychology: Research on Developmental and Social Factors 327 Robin Banerjee Part V Occupational Psychology 355 18 The Person and Individual Differences 357 Halley M. Pontes, Yi- Ling Lai, Almuth McDowall & Kevin Teoh 19 Training, Learning and Development, and Coaching- Theories in Psychology 373 Yi- Ling Lai, Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes & Kevin Teoh 20 Well- being at Work 389 Kevin Teoh, Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes & Yi- Ling Lai 21 Occupational Psychology in Practice-Working with Organisations: Dealing with Structure, Change, Leadership, and Team Dynamics 405 Almuth McDowall, Kevin Teoh, Yi- Ling Lai & Halley M. Pontes Part VI Sport and Exercise Psychology 421 22 The Nature of Sport and Exercise Psychology 423 Andrew Lane & Tracey Devonport 23 Psychological Skills Interventions in Sport and Exercise Psychology 441 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane 24 Sport and Exercise Psychology- Understanding Cognitive and Biological Factors 463 Andrew Lane & Tracey Devonport 25 Sport and Exercise Psychology- Understanding Social, Developmental, and Personality Factors 487 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane Part VII Counselling Psychology 509 26 The Nature and Scope of Counselling Psychology 511 Vanja Orlans 27 Counselling Psychology in Clinical Practice 527 Lucia Swanepoel 28 A Research- Informed Approach to Counselling Psychology 547 Terry Hanley, Laura Anne Winter, Ruth Gordon & Adam Scott 29 The Counselling Psychologist Researcher 567 Elaine Kasket Brief Contents vii Part VIII Coaching Psychology 585 30 Coaching Psychology: What It Is and Why It Matters-An Emerging Conversation 587 Mary Watts, Julius Weinberg & David A. Lane 31 Coaching Psychology- Understanding How to Apply Psychological Theory When Coaching 603 Marie Stopforth & Lorna Mills Part IX Emerging Topics in Applied Psychology 615 32 Environmental Psychology 617 Birgitta Gatersleben 33 Consumer Psychology 637 Cathrine Jansson- Boyd 34 Community Psychology 655 Maria Fernandes- Jesus, Rebecca Graber, Carl Harris & Suzanne Wilson 35 Political Psychology and Policymaking 675 Ashley Weinberg 36 The Future of Applied Psychology 691 Alison Clarke Part X Training and Professional Issues (available on the Book's Companion Website) 703 37 Clinical Psychology: Training and Development 705 Fergal Jones 38 Training and Working as a Health Psychologist 721 Charles Abraham, Karen Rodham, Daryl B. O'Connor & Mark Conner 39 Training in Forensic Psychology and Professional Issues 735 Neil Gredecki & Polly Turner 40 Educational Psychology: Professional Issues 755 Jim Boyle, Jeremy Monsen & Sarah Wright 41 Professional Issues in Occupational Psychology 771 Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes, Yi- Ling Lai & Kevin Teoh 42 Sport and Exercise Psychology-UK Professional Structure and Applied Case Study 785 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane 43 Training in Counselling Psychology 803 Gabriel Wynn & Laura Anne Winter 44 Training in Coaching Psychology 817 Marie Stopforth IndexI 1 References for Individual Chapters and the Glossary are Available on the Book's Companion Website List of Contributors About the Companion Websites Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Graham Davey Part I 1.1 The Scope of Applied Psychology 2 1.2 The Popularity of Applied Psychology 2 1.3 Teaching and Learning Features 3 References 4 Clinical Psychology 5 Chapter 2 Clinical Practice 7 Graham Davey 2.1 The Economic Cost of Mental Health Problems 9 2.2 Who are Mental Health Professionals? 10 2.3 Providing Mental Health Services 11 2.3.1 What Facilities Are Available? 11 2.3.2 How Are Mental Health Services Structured? 12 2.3.3 The Recovery Model 12 2.4 The Role of the Clinical Psychologist 13 2.4.1 Key Capabilities and Competencies 14 2.4.2 The Reflective Practitioner Model 15 2.4.3 Regulation and Continuing Professional Development 16 2.5 Clinical Practice Reviewed 16 Acknowledgement 16 Self- Test Questions 17 Essay Questions 17 Texts for Further Reading 17 Relevant Journal Articles 18 References 18 Chapter 3 The Causes of Mental Health Problems: Psychoses and Autistic Spectrum Disorder 19 Graham Davey 3.1 Psychoses 20 3.1.1 Biological Factors 21 3.1.2 Cognitive Factors 24 3.1.3 Developmental/Social Factors 27 3.1.4 Summary of Research on Schizophrenia 29 3.2 Autistic Spectrum Disorder 29 3.2.1 Biological Factors 30 3.2.2 Cognitive Factors 32 3.2.3 Summary of Research on Autistic Spectrum Disorder 35 Contents ix Acknowledgement 35 Self- Test Questions 35 Essay Questions 35 Texts for Further Reading 35 Relevant Journal Articles 36 Relevant Web Links 36 References 36 Chapter 4 The Causes of Mental Health Problems: Anxiety and Mood Disorders 41 Graham Davey 4.1 Anxiety- Based Problems 44 4.1.1 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder 44 4.1.2 Worrying in Generalised Anxiety Disorder 47 4.1.3 Recurring Intrusive Thoughts in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder 48 4.2 Depression And Mood Disorders 51 4.2.1 Biological Theories 51 4.2.2 Psychological Theories 53 4.2.3 Summary 56 4.3 Summary of Research on Anxiety and Depression 56 Acknowledgement 57 Self- Test Questions 57 Essay Questions 57 Texts for Further Reading 58 Relevant Journal Articles 58 References 59 Chapter 5 Treating Mental Health Problems with Psychological Therapies 65 Graham Davey 5.1 Theoretical Approaches to Treatment 67 5.1.1 Psychodynamic Approaches 67 5.1.2 Behaviour Therapy 68 5.1.3 Cognitive Therapies 69 5.1.4 Humanistic Therapies 71 5.1.5 Family and Systemic Therapies 72 5.1.6 Summary of Theoretical Approaches to Treatment 72 5.2 Modes of Treatment Delivery 73 5.2.1 Digital Technologies 73 5.2.2 Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) 75 5.2.3 Summary 76 5.3 Evaluating Treatment 76 5.3.1 What Treatments Are Effective? 76 5.3.2 Is Treatment More Effective Than No Treatment? 76 5.4 Summary 77 Acknowledgement 78 Self- Test Questions 78 Essay Questions 78 Texts for Further Reading 79 Relevant Journal Articles 79 References 79 Part II Health Psychology 83 Chapter 6 What is Health Psychology? 85 Charles Abraham, Mark Conner, Fiona Jones & Daryl B. O'Connor 6.1 An Academic Discipline and A Profession 87 6.2 A Biopsychosocial Model of Health 88 6.2.1 Integrating Models and Findings across Academic Disciplines 88 6.3 Constructing and Testing Psychological Theory 88 6.3.1 Observation and Induction 89 6.3.2 Theory Testing and the Development of Measures 89 6.3.3 Deduction, Theory Building, and Intervention Evaluation 90 6.4 The Social and Societal Context of Stress and Health 91 6.4.1 Wealth Distribution, Socio- Economic Hierarchies, and Health 91 6.4.2 Health Risks and the Benefits of Health Behaviour Change 91 6.4.3 Socio- Economic Hierarchies, Stress, and Health 92 6.5 Health- Related Behaviour Patterns and Health Promotion 92 6.5.1 Behaviour Patterns and Health 92 6.5.2 Identifying Individual- Level Change Targets 94 6.5.3 A Multi- Level Framework for Promoting Health Behaviour Change 95 6.5.4 Planning Health Behaviour Change Interventions 96 6.6 Enhancing Health Care Through Behaviour Change 98 6.6.1 Improving Adherence 98 6.6.2 Improving Health- Care Professionals' Consultations 99 6.7 Conclusion 100 Self- Test Questions 101 Essay Questions 101 Texts for Further Reading 101 Relevant Journal Articles 101 Relevant Web Links 102 References 102 Chapter 7 A Biopsychosocial Approach to Health Psychology 105 Daryl B. O'Connor, Mark Conner & Charles Abraham 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Basic Features of the Nervous System 107 7.2.1 Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System 107 7.2.2 The Anatomy of the Brain 108 7.2.3 The Spinal Cord and Nerve Cells 109 7.2.4 Endocrine System 110 7.2.5 Cardiovascular System 111 7.2.6 Summary 111 7.3 What Happens When You Experience Stress? 111 7.3.1 The Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary Response System 111 7.3.2 The Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal Axis Response System 112 7.3.3 Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 112 7.3.4 Summary 113 7.4 The Psychology of Pain 114 7.4.1 The Role of Meaning in Pain 114 7.4.2 Gate- Control Theory of Pain 114 Contents xi 7.4.3 Pain Management 115 7.4.4 Summary 117 7.5 Psychoneuro -immunology 117 7.5.1 The Different Types of Immunity 118 7.5.2 Stress and the Immune System 118 7.5.3 Summary 121 7.6 A Biopsychosocial Approach to Health Psychology Reviewed 121 Self- Test Questions 121 Essay Questions 122 Texts for Further Reading 122 Relevant Journal Articles 122 Relevant Web Links 122 References 123 Chapter 8 Stress, Coping, and Health 125 Daryl B. O'Connor, Fiona Jones, Charles Abraham & Mark Conner 8.1 Stress 126 8.1.1 How Does Stress Affect Us?- The Concept of Allostatic Load 127 8.1.2 What Kind of Stressors Are Important?- Life Events and Daily Hassles 127 8.1.3 Summary 129 8.2 Coping 130 8.2.1 Is There a Recommended Way to Cope with Stress?- Positive Reappraisal and Benefit Finding 131 8.2.2 Summary 131 8.3 Social Support 132 8.3.1 Benefits and Risks of Social Support (for the Supporter and the Supported) 134 8.3.2 Summary 134 8.4 Work Stress 135 8.4.1 Karasek's Job Demand- Control Model 135 8.4.2 Siegrist's Effort-Reward Imbalance Model 136 8.4.3 Work-Family Conflict and Work- Life Balance 137 8.4.4 Summary 138 8.5 Conclusion 138 Self- Test Questions 139 Essay Questions 139 Texts for Further Reading 139 Relevant Journal Articles 139 Relevant Web- Links 139 References 140 Chapter 9 Social Psychology and Health 145 Mark Conner, Charles Abraham & Daryl B. O'Connor 9.1 Introduction 147 9.2 Personality and Health Behaviour 147 9.2.1 Neuroticism 148 9.2.2 Extraversion 148 9.2.3 Conscientiousness 149 9.2.4 Agreeableness 150 9.2.5 Openness 150 9.2.6 Combined Effects 150 9.2.7 Personality Change 150 9.2.8 Summary 151 9.3 Predicting Health Behaviour 151 9.3.1 Protection Motivation Theory 151 9.3.2 Theory of Planned Behaviour 152 9.3.3 Reasoned Action Approach 154 9.3.4 Summary 155 9.4 Changing Health Behaviour 155 9.4.1 Cognitive Dissonance and the Question- Behaviour Effect 155 9.4.2 Attitude Strength and Attitude Change 156 9.4.3 Enhancing Self- Efficacy 158 9.4.4 Intention Strength and Intention Change 159 9.4.5 Summary 160 9.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 160 Self- Test Questions 161 Essay Questions 161 Texts for Further Reading 161 Relevant Journal Articles 162 Relevant Web Links 162 References 162 Part III Forensic Psychology 167 Chapter 10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Working with Organisations and Offenders 169 Carol A. Ireland 10.1 What do Forensic Psychologists do? 170 10.2 The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in an Organisation 170 10.2.1 The Role of Consultancy within an Organisation 170 10.2.2 Competencies of the Consultant 172 10.2.3 Types of Consultancy Work 172 10.3 The Role of the Forensic Psychologist When Working with Offenders 175 10.3.1 Types of Engagement 175 10.3.2 Diagnostic Assessment 175 10.3.3 Risk Assessment 175 10.3.4 Formulation of Offending 176 10.3.5 Intervention Work/Therapy 177 10.4 Ethical Issues Associated with Forensic Psychology 180 10.5 Conclusion 184 Self- Test Questions 184 Essay Questions 185 Texts for Further Reading 185 Relevant Journal Articles 185 Relevant Web Links 186 References 186 Chapter 11 Working with Child and Adult Victims 189 Ivan Sebalo, Nishant Krishnan & Michelle Davies 11.1 The Effects of Criminal Victimisation 190 11.1.1 The Immediate Aftermath of Crime 190 11.1.2 Gender Differences in Response to Rape 191 Contents xiii 11.1.3 Coming to Terms with Criminal Victimisation from a Social Psychological Perspective: Self- Blame and Counterfactual Thinking 191 11.1.4 Cognitive Therapy 192 11.1.5 Focus on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder 193 11.2 Attitudes Towards Crime 194 11.2.1 How Do Societal Attitudes Towards Crime Influence Reporting? 196 11.2.2 Why Does Society Think Badly of Rape Victims? 196 11.2.3 Attitudes Towards Child Sexual Abuse 199 11.2.4 Evaluation 199 11.3 Repeat and Multiple Victimisation 200 11.3.1 The Victim- Prone Person? 200 11.3.2 Theories of Multiple Victimisation- From Child to Adult Victimisation 200 11.3.3 Resilient Victims and Breaking the Cycle of Abuse 201 Self- Test Questions 202 Essay Questions 202 Texts for Further Reading 203 Relevant Journal Articles 203 References 204 Chapter 12 Eyewitnesses and the Use and Application of Cognitive Theory 207 Charlie Frowd 12.1 Information Recall 209 12.1.1 The Accuracy of Recall 209 12.1.2 The Cognitive Interview 211 12.1.3 UK Interviewing Techniques 212 12.1.4 Descriptions of Faces 212 12.2 Person Recognition 214 12.2.1 Unfamiliar Face Recognition 214 12.2.2 Identification Procedures 216 12.3 Face Construction 217 12.3.1 Composite Systems: Past and Present 217 12.3.2 The Effectiveness of Feature Composite Systems 218 12.3.3 Internal and External Composite Features 220 12.3.4 Improving the Effectiveness of Composites 220 12.4 Summary: Evidence and Eyewitnesses 224 Acknowledgement 225 Self- Test Questions 225 Essay Questions 226 Texts for Further Reading 226 Relevant Journal Articles 226 References 227 Answers 231 Chapter 13 Violence Assessment and Intervention 233 Jane L. Ireland 13.1 The Nature of Aggression 235 13.1.1 Defining Aggression 236 13.1.2 Distinguishing Between Different Types of Aggression 237 13.1.3 Summary 241 13.2 Assessing Aggression: Developing a Comprehensive Formulation 241 13.2.1 Accounting for Risk and Protective Factors 241 13.2.2 Addressing the Function of Aggression 244 13.2.3 Summary 248 13.3 Psychological Treatments for Aggression: Some Key Components 248 13.3.1 Emotions: Reactivity, Regulation, and Acceptance 248 13.3.2 Cognitions: Information Processing 250 13.3.3 Summary 251 13.4 Conclusion 251 Self- Test Questions 252 Essay Questions 252 Texts for Further Reading 253 Relevant Journal Articles 253 Relevant Web Links 253 References 253 Part IV Educational Psychology 257 Chapter 14 Educational Psychology: History and Overview 259 Robin Banerjee, Andy Tolmie & Jim Boyle 14.1 What is Educational Psychology? 261 14.2 Historical Origins of Educational Psychology 262 14.2.1 Emergence of Educational Psychology as Professional Practice 262 14.3 Approaches to Education 262 14.3.1 Historical Changes in Approaches to Children and Schooling 262 14.3.2 Perspectives on Education Today 265 14.3.3 Summary 267 14.4 Understanding Pupil and Classroom Functioning 267 14.4.1 Assessing Pupils' Functioning 267 14.4.2 Organising and Managing the Classroom 268 14.4.3 Links Between Pupil and Classroom Functioning 270 14.4.4 Summary 271 14.5 Research Methods in Educational Psychology 272 14.5.1 Non- experimental Methods 272 14.5.2 Experimental Methods 273 14.5.3 Educational Neuroscience 274 14.5.4 Summary 275 14.6 Chapter Summary 275 Self- Test Questions 276 Essay Questions 276 Texts for Further Reading 276 Relevant Journal Articles 276 Relevant Web Links 277 References 277 Chapter 15 Educational Psychology: Pupil needs and Interventions 281 Robin Banerjee, Andy Tolmie & Jim Boyle 15.1 Introduction 283 15.1.1 Special Educational Needs 283 15.2 Difficulties Associated with Cognitive Functioning 284 15.2.1 Moderate and Severe Learning Difficulties 285 15.2.2 Dyslexia and Other Specific Learning Difficulties 286 15.2.3 Summary 287 Contents xv 15.3 Social, Emotional, and Mental Health Needs 288 15.3.1 Internalising Problems 288 15.3.2 Externalising and Attention- Deficit Difficulties 289 15.3.3 Summary 291 15.4 Communication and Interaction Difficulties 291 15.4.1 Speech and Language Difficulties 291 15.4.2 Autistic Spectrum Conditions 293 15.4.3 Summary 294 15.5 Difficulties Associated with Sensory and Physical Needs 294 15.5.1 Summary 295 15.6 Approaches to Intervention 295 15.6.1 Inclusion 295 15.6.2 Intervention, Planning, and Review 296 15.6.3 Summary 298 15.7 Chapter Summary 298 Self- Test Questions 299 Essay Questions 299 Texts for Further Reading 299 Relevant Journal Articles 299 Relevant Web Links 300 References 300 Chapter 16 Educational Psychology: Research on Cognitive and Biological Factors 305 Andy Tolmie 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Behavioural Approaches to Learning 307 16.2.1 Behaviourism 307 16.2.2 Behaviourism in Education 309 16.2.3 Observational Learning 309 16.2.4 Summary 310 16.3 Cognitive Perspectives on Learning 310 16.3.1 The Neural Basis of Learning 310 16.3.2 Information Processing: Perception, Attention, and Memory 310 16.3.3 Working Memory, Problem- Solving, and Metacognition 311 16.3.4 Summary 313 16.4 Cognitive Processes in the Curriculum 313 16.4.1 Learning to Read 313 16.4.2 Learning Mathematics 315 16.4.3 Understanding in Science 315 16.4.4 Summary 317 16.5 Learning Difficulties 317 16.5.1 Problems Involving Behavioural Learning 317 16.5.2 The Contribution of Other Forms of Neural Deficit 318 16.5.3 The Role of Cognitive Deficits 319 16.5.4 Summary 320 16.6 Chapter Summary 320 Self- Test Questions 320 Essay Questions 321 Texts for Further Reading 321 Relevant Journal Articles 321 Relevant Web Links 321 References 322 Chapter 17 Educational Psychology: Research on Developmental and Social Factors 327 Robin Banerjee 17.1 Introduction 329 17.2 Theories of Cognitive Development 329 17.2.1 Piaget's Cognitive- Developmental Theory 329 17.2.2 Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory 332 17.2.3 Information- Processing Theories 335 17.2.4 Summary 337 17.3 Socio- Motivational Processes at School 337 17.3.1 Academic Motivation 337 17.3.2 Socialisation of Academic Motivation 340 17.3.3 Summary 345 17.4 Social, Emotional, and Mental Health Needs at School: Issues and Interventions 345 17.4.1 Nature and Aetiology of Social, Emotional, and Mental Health Difficulties 346 17.4.2 Strategies for Fostering Social and Emotional Learning and Promoting Mental Health at School 346 17.4.3 Summary 348 17.5 Chapter Summary 348 Self- Test Questions 348 Essay Questions 349 Texts for Further Reading 349 Relevant Journal Articles 349 Relevant Web Links 350 References 350 Part V Occupational Psychology 355 Chapter 18 The Person and Individual Differences 357 Halley M. Pontes, Yi- Ling Lai, Almuth McDowall & Kevin Teoh 18.1 Introduction 358 18.2 Personality at Work 358 18.2.1 Defining Personality 359 18.2.2 The Five- Factor Model of Personality 359 18.2.3 The Dark Triad Model 361 18.2.4 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 362 18.3 Abilities 363 18.3.1 Cognitive Ability 363 18.3.2 Physical Ability 364 18.3.3 Ability Testing 365 18.3.4 The Limits of Ability Testing 365 18.4 Emotional Intelligence at Work 366 18.4.1 Defining Emotional Intelligence 366 18.4.2 The Four- Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence 366 18.4.3 Implications for the Workplace 367 18.4.4 Assessment of Emotional Intelligence 367 18.5 Conclusion 367 Acknowledgements 367 Self- Test Questions 368 Essay Questions 368 Texts for Further Reading 368 Relevant Journal Articles 368 Relevant Web Links 369 References 369 Contents xvii Chapter 19 Training, Learning and Development, and Coaching- Theories in Psychology 373 Yi- Ling Lai, Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes & Kevin Teoh 19.1 Introduction 374 19.2 Learning Theories 375 19.2.1 Fundamental Learning Theories in Psychology 375 19.2.2 Adult Learning 376 19.2.3 Experiential Learning 376 19.2.4 Self- Directed Learning 377 19.3 Training And L&D Evaluations 377 19.3.1 Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Training Evaluation (1976) 377 19.3.2 Multi- Level Learning Evaluation by Kraiger, Ford, and Salas in 1993 378 19.3.3 Motivation to Learn 379 19.3.4 Self- Determination Theory and Learning 380 19.3.5 The Learning Organisation 380 19.4 Coaching to Facilitate Learning 381 19.4.1 Coaching Compared to Other One- on- One Developmental Activities 381 19.4.2 Research Evidence in Coaching and Psychology 383 19.5 Conclusion 384 Self- Test Questions 384 Essay Questions 384 Texts for Further Reading 385 Relevant Web Links 385 Notes 385 References 385 Chapter 20 Well- being at Work 389 Kevin Teoh, Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes & Yi- Ling Lai 20.1 Introduction 390 20.2 Well- being and Its Relationship to Work 390 20.2.1 Definitions of Work- Related Well- being 390 20.2.2 The Psychosocial Work Environment 391 20.2.3 The Job Demands-Resource Model 391 20.3 Interventions to Support Well- being 393 20.3.1 A Taxonomy of Interventions 393 20.3.2 Effectiveness of Interventions 394 20.3.3 The Intervention Cycle 394 20.4 The Bright and Dark Sides of Well- being 394 20.4.1 Positive Psychology and Well- being 394 20.4.2 Power and Inequalities 398 20.5 Beyond Work- Work-Life Balance 398 20.6 Summary and Conclusion 399 Self- Test Questions 400 Essay Questions 400 Texts for Further Reading 400 Relevant Journal Articles 400 Relevant Web Links 401 References 401 Chapter 21 Occupational Psychology in Practice-Working with Organisations: Dealing with Structure, Change, Leadership, and Team Dynamics 405 Almuth McDowall, Kevin Teoh, Yi- Ling Lai & Halley M. Pontes 21.1 Introduction 407 21.2 Organisational Behaviour 408 21.2.1 Motivation at Work 408 21.3 The Importance of Teams and Groups for Motivation 410 21.4 Leadership in Organisations 412 21.4.1 Leadership Style 412 21.5 The Role of the Leader in Organisational Change and Development 413 21.6 Organisational Development and Change 413 21.6.1 Organisational Change 414 21.6.2 Organisational Development 414 21.6.3 Critical Perspectives 416 21.7 Summary and Conclusions 416 Self- Test Questions 416 Essay Questions 417 Texts for Further Reading 417 Relevant Journal Articles 417 Relevant Web Links 417 References 418 Part VI Sport and Exercise Psychology 421 Chapter 22 The Nature of Sport and Exercise Psychology 423 Andrew Lane & Tracey Devonport 22.1 Who are the Clients? 424 22.2 Key Issues in Service Delivery 427 22.3 Performance Enhancement Versus the Health of the Athlete Debate 428 22.4 Gaining Evidence to Support Performance Enhancement 430 22.5 Guiding Philosophical Issues 431 22.6 Measurement Issues Relevant to Conducting a Needs Analysis 432 22.6.1 Methodological Factors Influencing a Needs Analysis 435 22.7 Conclusions 436 Self- Test Questions 437 Essay Questions 437 Texts for Further Reading 438 Relevant Journal Articles 438 Relevant Web Links 438 References 438 Chapter 23 Psychological Skills Interventions in Sport and Exercise Psychology 441 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane 23.1 Psychological Skills Interventions 442 23.1.1 Behaviourist Approach 442 23.1.2 Cognitive Approach 446 23.1.3 Humanistic Approach 448 23.2 Characteristics of Effective Sport and Exercise Psychologists 452 23.2.1 Reflective Practitioner 452 23.2.2 Ethical Practitioner 453 23.2.3 Self- Care 455 Contents xix 23.3 Conclusion 456 Self- Test Questions 457 Essay Questions 457 Texts for Further Reading 457 Relevant Journal Articles 457 Relevant Web Links 458 References 458 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Sport and Exercise Psychology- Understanding Cognitive and Biological Factors 463 Andrew Lane & Tracey Devonport 24.1 Cognitive Factors 464 24.1.1 Self- Efficacy and Self- Esteem 464 24.1.2 Memory 467 24.1.3 Attention and Decision- Making 468 24.1.4 Emotion-Concentration Interplay 469 24.1.5 Risk Taking 471 24.1.6 Conclusion 472 24.2 Biological Factors 472 24.2.1 Emotion and Mood Responses and Physiological Responses to Sport and Exercise 472 24.2.2 Impact of Extreme Environments on Physiology and Psychological Variables 476 24.2.3 Food and Unhealthy Eating 477 24.2.4 How Do Eating Behaviours Develop? 478 24.2.5 Summary 478 24.3 Chapter Summary 480 Self- Test Questions 480 Essay Questions 480 Texts for Further Reading 481 Relevant Journal Articles 481 References 481 Sport and Exercise Psychology- Understanding Social, Developmental, and Personality Factors 487 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane 25.1 Social Factors 488 25.1.1 Culture 488 25.1.2 Group Cohesion 491 25.2 Developmental Factors 493 25.2.1 Children 493 25.2.2 Adults 496 25.2.3 The Elderly Population 497 25.3 Personality Factors 498 25.3.1 Trait Emotional Intelligence 500 25.3.2 Trait Anxiety 500 25.4 Conclusion 501 Self- Test Questions 502 Essay Questions 502 Texts for Further Reading 502 Relevant Journal Articles 503 Relevant Web Links 503 References 503 Part VII Counselling Psychology 509 Chapter 26 The Nature and Scope of Counselling Psychology 511 Vanja Orlans 26.1 What is Counselling Psychology? 512 26.1.1 Introduction 512 26.1.2 The British Psychological Society 513 26.1.3 The Health and Care Professions Council 514 26.1.4 Counselling Psychology in the UK 514 26.1.5 International Perspectives 514 26.2 Philosophy and Values in Counselling Psychology 515 26.2.1 Philosophy and Psychology: A Developmental Perspective 515 26.2.2 Challenges to the Assumption of Objectivity 516 26.2.3 Implications for the Profession of Counselling Psychology 516 26.3 The Origins and Development of the Profession 517 26.3.1 Early Developments in the UK 517 26.3.2 Politics and Progress 517 26.3.3 Establishing the Profession 518 26.3.4 Current Focus and Practices in the Profession 519 26.4 The Knowledge Base of Counselling Psychology 520 26.4.1 Psychological Knowledge 520 26.4.2 Research Issues and Knowledge 521 26.4.3 Key Therapeutic Traditions 521 26.4.4 Balancing Reflexivity and Creative Indifference 523 26.5 Summary and Conclusions 524 Self- Test Questions 524 Essay Questions 524 Texts for Further Reading 524 Relevant Journal Articles 525 Relevant Web Links 525 References 525 Chapter 27 Counselling Psychology in Clinical Practice 527 Lucia Swanepoel 27.1 Approaches And Models: How Do Counselling Psychologists Work? 528 27.1.1 Introduction 528 27.1.2 The Ethics and Values of Counselling Psychology in Practice 528 27.1.3 Identity Matters 531 27.1.4 Therapeutic Models and Approaches 532 27.1.5 Competencies and Standards of Proficiency 534 27.2 Clinical Settings: Where Do Counselling Psychologists Work? 535 27.2.1 Introduction 535 27.2.2 National Health Service 536 27.2.3 Private Mental Health Providers and Charitable Organisations 539 27.2.4 Independent Practice 539 27.2.5 In the Workplace 540 27.2.6 Forensic Settings 540 27.2.7 Educational Institutions 540 27.3 Counselling Psychology in the Future 541 27.3.1 Introduction 541 27.3.2 Maintaining the Balance 541 27.3.3 Influence and Adaptation 542 Contents xxi 27.4 Summary 542 Self- Test Questions 543 Essay Questions 543 Texts for Further Reading 543 Relevant Journal Articles 544 Relevant Web Links 544 References 544 Chapter 28 A Research- Informed Approach to Counselling Psychology 547 Terry Hanley, Laura Anne Winter, Ruth Gordon & Adam Scott 28.1 What is Truth? 548 28.1.1 A Philosophical Underpinning 548 28.1.2 What is Therapy? 548 28.1.3 Considering Hierarchies of Evidence 549 28.1.4 Introducing the Dodo Bird Verdict: Common Therapeutic Factors 550 28.1.5 Summary 552 28.2 Research- Informed Therapy 552 28.2.1 Research- Directed versus Research- Informed Approaches 552 28.2.2 How Do Counselling Psychologists Make Decisions about Their Therapeutic Work? 554 28.2.3 Summary 557 28.3 Pluralism, Research, and Counselling Psychology 557 28.3.1 The Dodo Bird Revisited 558 28.3.2 The Pure Therapeutic Model 558 28.3.3 Therapeutic Integration 559 28.3.4 Pluralistic Counselling Psychology in Action 560 28.4 Summary 562 Self- Test Questions 563 Essay Questions 563 Texts for Further Reading 564 Relevant Journal Articles 564 Relevant Web Links 564 References 564 Chapter 29 The Counselling Psychologist Researcher 567 Elaine Kasket 29.1 The Counselling Psychologist Researcher 568 29.1.1 Informing Professional Practice Through Research 569 29.1.2 Undertaking a Professional Doctorate 570 29.1.3 Identifying Where Research Is Needed 571 29.2 Counselling Psychology Values in Research 572 29.2.1 Valuing Subjectivity and the Practice of Reflexivity 573 29.2.2 Valuing a Pluralistic Attitude and the Practice of Methodological Pluralism 574 29.2.3 Valuing Empowerment, Respect and Intersubjectivity, and Practicing Ethical Research 577 29.2.4 Valuing Growth and Potential and Generating Practice- Applicable Research 579 29.3 Writing and Disseminating Counselling Psychology Research 579 29.3.1 Writing a High- Quality Research Article 579 29.3.2 Disseminating Research and Making a Contribution to Practice 579 29.4 Summary 582 Self- Test Questions 582 Essay Questions 582 Texts for Further Reading 583 Relevant Journal Articles 583 Relevant Web Links 583 References 583 Part VIII Coaching Psychology 585 Chapter 30 Coaching Psychology: What It Is and Why It Matters-An Emerging Conversation 587 Mary Watts, Julius Weinberg & David A. Lane 30.1 Coaching and Learning 589 30.2 Contracting 591 30.3 Formulation 595 30.4 Ethics and Values 596 30.5 Research and Evidence- Based Practice 598 Self- Test Questions 600 Essay Questions 600 Texts for Further reading 601 Relevant Journal Articles 601 Relevant Web Links 601 References 601 Chapter 31 Coaching Psychology- Understanding How to Apply Psychological Theory When Coaching 603 Marie Stopforth & Lorna Mills 31.1 Introduction 604 31.2 Creating the Optimal Conditions for Coaching 604 31.2.1 A Humanistic and Person- Centred Approach 604 31.2.2 Example 605 31.2.3 Your Practice 607 31.3 How Psychology Can Help Us Understand Our Clients 609 31.4 Summary 613 Self- Test Questions 613 Essay Questions 613 Texts for Further Reading 614 Relevant Journal Articles 614 Relevant Web Links 614 References 614 Part IX Emerging Topics in Applied Psychology 615 Chapter 32 Environmental Psychology 617 Birgitta Gatersleben 32.1 Introduction 619 32.2 What is Environmental Psychology? 619 32.2.1 Definitions and Perspectives 619 32.2.2 Key Features of Environmental Psychology Research 621 32.3 History and Topics 623 Contents xxiii 32.4 Example Research Areas 624 32.4.1 Natural Environments 624 32.4.2 Workplaces 625 32.4.3 Pro- Environmental Behaviour 627 32.5 Conclusion 630 Self- Test Questions 631 Essay Questions 631 Texts for Further Reading 631 Relevant Journal Articles 632 Relevant Web- Links 632 References 632 Chapter 33 Consumer Psychology 637 Cathrine Jansson- Boyd 33.1 A New Discipline? 638 33.2 Different Kinds of Consumption 639 33.3 Consumer Psychologists 639 33.3.1 What Do They Do? 639 33.3.2 How to Become a Consumer Psychologist 639 33.3.3 Being an Academic 640 33.3.4 Working within Industry 640 33.4 Conducting Research 641 33.4.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 641 33.5 Areas of Consumer Psychology 641 33.5.1 Understanding Cognition 641 33.5.2 May I Have Your Attention Please...... 641 33.5.3 Perception 643 33.5.4 Sensory Consumer Science 643 33.5.5 Food Perception 644 33.5.6 Brand Meaning 644 33.6 Looking Forward 647 33.7 Summary 649 Self- Test Questions 649 Essay Questions 649 Texts for Further Reading 649 Relevant Journal Articles 650 Relevant Web Links 650 References 650 Chapter 34 Community Psychology 655 Maria Fernandes- Jesus, Rebecca Graber, Carl Harris & Suzanne Wilson 34.1 Key Theories and Concepts 656 34.1.1 Background 656 34.1.2 Foundational Theories and Concepts 657 34.1.3 What Do Community Psychologists Do? 662 34.2 Understanding Communities: Community- Based Research: Research Approaches and Tools for Action 663 34.2.1 Recruiting Co- Researchers 665 34.2.2 Collecting and Analysing Community Data 665 34.3 Community Psychology in Practice: Prevention and Intervention 669 Self- Test Questions 671 Essay Questions 671 Texts For Further Reading 671 Relevant Journal Articles 671 Relevant Web Links 672 References 672 Chapter 35 Political Psychology and Policymaking 675 Ashley Weinberg 35.1 What Do We Mean by Political Psychology? 676 35.2 Doing and Studying... 676 35.3 Why is it about Control? 677 35.4 Practising Politics 678 35.5 Areas for Study in Political Psychology 679 35.5.1 Emotions and Identity 679 35.5.2 Personality in Politics 679 35.5.3 Leadership 681 35.5.4 Citizenship and Exclusion- Being 'In' and 'Out' 682 35.6 Trust and Authoritarianism 683 35.7 Judgement and Decision- Making (in Politics) 685 35.8 Conclusions 686 Self- Test Questions 686 Essay Questions 687 Texts for Further Reading 687 Relevant Journal Articles 687 Relevant Web Links 688 References 688 Chapter 36 The Future of Applied Psychology 691 Alison Clarke 36.1 Where are we and How did we Get Here? 692 36.2 What is the Proper Job of Psychology? 695 36.2.1 From Royal Mail to Google Mail 696 36.3 Potential Disruptors and Challenges on Psychology's Close Horizon 697 36.3.1 The Rising Demand for Mental Health Services 697 36.3.2 Artificial Intelligence Costs Jobs, Will Alter Incomes and Participation in the Economy 697 36.3.3 Inequality Is Increasing and Inequality Hurts People 698 36.3.4 Climate Change: A Behavioural Phenomenon 698 36.3.5 Inclusion 698 36.3.6 Evidence 698 36.3.7 On Power 698 36.4 What Does the Current Siloed Structure of our Profession Cost Us as Applied Practitioners and What Might We Do about It? 699 36.4.1 On Innovation 700 36.4.2 Social Science Synergies? 700 36.4.3 What is Your View? 700 Acknowledgements 701 Contents xxv Essay Questions 701 Texts for Further Reading 701 Relevant Journal Articles 702 Relevant Web Links 702 Part X Training and Professional Issues (available on the Book's Companion Website) 703 Chapter 37 Clinical Psychology: Training and Development 705 Fergal Jones 37.1 Training to be a Clinical Psychologist 706 37.1.1 Career Choices 706 37.1.2 Pre- Training Experiences and Qualifications 707 37.1.3 An Overview of Clinical Psychology Training 709 37.2 Key Capabilities and Competencies 710 37.2.1 Stages of Clinical Work 710 37.2.2 Choices Regarding Philosophy and Approach 714 37.2.3 The 'Reflective Practitioner' Model 715 37.2.4 Consultancy and Team Working 716 37.3 Post- Qualification 717 37.3.1 Continuing Professional Development 717 37.3.2 Choice of Speciality and Setting 717 37.3.3 Changes in Roles and Responsibilities 717 37.4 International Comparisons 719 37.5 Summary 719 Self- Test Essay Questions 719 Texts for Further Reading 719 Relevant Journal Articles 719 Relevant Web Links 720 References 720 Chapter 38 Training and Working as a Health Psychologist 721 Charles Abraham, Karen Rodham, Daryl B. O'Connor & Mark Conner 38.1 What do Professional Health Psychologists do? 723 38.2 Training as a Health Psychologist in the UK 725 38.2.1 Graduate Basis for Chartered Membership BPS 726 38.2.2 Stage 1 Qualification in Health Psychology 726 38.2.3 Stage 2 Professional Qualification in Health Psychology 728 38.3 Working as a Professional Health Psychologist: Karen's Experience 731 38.3.1 Academic Work 731 38.3.2 Work as a Practicing Psychologist 731 38.4 Conclusion 733 Self- Test Questions 733 Essay Questions 733 Texts for Further Reading 733 Relevant Journal Articles 734 Relevant Web Links 734 References 734 Chapter 39 Training in Forensic Psychology and Professional Issues 735 Neil Gredecki & Polly Turner 39.1 Introduction 736 39.2 Training in Forensic Psychology: An Overview 736 39.2.1 The Academic Component of Forensic Psychology Training 737 39.2.2 MSc in Forensic Psychology 737 39.2.3 The Apprenticeship Model of Forensic Psychology Training 738 39.3 Reflective Practice in Forensic Psychology 746 39.3.1 How Does Reflective Practice Improve Learning and Practice? 746 39.3.2 Models and Tools to Support Reflection 746 39.3.3 Summary 748 39.4 Summary and Conclusions 749 Self- Test Questions 752 Essay Questions 752 Texts for Further Reading 752 Relevant Journal Articles 752 References 753 Chapter 40 Educational Psychology: Professional Issues 755 Jim Boyle, Jeremy Monsen & Sarah Wright 40.1 What do Educational Psychologists Do? Key Functions and Responsibilities 756 40.2 Ethics 761 40.3 Structure of Educational Psychology Services in the United Kingdom 761 40.4 Training and Qualifications 763 40.4.1 Qualifications for Training as an Educational Psychologist 763 40.4.2 Structure of Training 763 40.5 The Future of Educational Psychology 766 Self- Test Questions 767 Essay Questions 767 Texts for Further Reading 768 Relevant Journal Articles 768 Relevant Web Links 768 References 769 Chapter 41 Professional Issues in Occupational Psychology 771 Almuth McDowall, Halley M. Pontes, Yi- Ling Lai & Kevin Teoh 41.1 Introduction 772 41.2 Pathways Into Occupational Psychology 772 41.3 Ethical Practice 778 41.4 The Scientist- Practitioner Approach 779 41.5 Diversity and Inclusion 781 41.5.1 Continuous Professional Development 781 41.6 Summary and Conclusion 782 Self- Test Questions 783 Essay Questions 784 Texts For Further Reading 784 Relevant Journal Articles 784 Relevant Web Links 784 References 784 Contents xxvii Chapter 42 Sport and Exercise Psychology-UK Professional Structure and Applied Case Study 785 Tracey Devonport & Andrew Lane 42.1 Training Structure of Applied Sport and Exercise Psychology 786 42.1.1 Training in Sport and Exercise Psychology: United Kingdom 786 42.1.2 The British Association of Sport and Exercise Science Route 787 42.1.3 The British Psychological Society Route 789 42.1.4 The Professional Doctorate Route 791 42.2 Case Study: Sport Psychology in Practice 791 42.2.1 Initial Contact and Assessment 792 42.2.2 Psychological Strategies Utilised in Responding to the Needs of the Client 793 42.2.3 Evaluation and Reflections Concerning the Intervention Process 795 42.3 Conclusion 795 Self- Test Questions 798 Essay Questions 798 Texts for Further Reading 798 Relevant Journal Articles 798 Relevant Web Links 799 References 799 Chapter 43 Training in Counselling Psychology 803 Gabriel Wynn & Laura Anne Winter 43.1 Context 804 43.1.1 Approved UK Training Programmes in Counselling Psychology 804 43.1.2 Core Aims of Training 804 43.2 Journey into Training 805 43.2.1 Practical Considerations Before Training 805 43.3 The Training Experience 807 43.3.1 Doctorate Level University Training 807 43.3.2 British Psychological Society Qualification in Counselling Psychology 810 43.4 Counselling Psychology Careers 811 43.4.1 Where Do Counselling Psychologists Work and What Do They Do? 812 43.5 Future Directions for Counselling Psychology Training 812 43.5.1 Neuropsychology and Epigenetics 812 43.5.2 Socially Informed Counselling Psychology and Integrated Employment and Mental Health Support 812 Self- Test Questions 813 Essay Questions 813 Texts for Further Reading 814 Relevant Journal Articles 814 Relevant Weblinks 814 References 814 Chapter 44 Training in Coaching Psychology 817 Marie Stopforth 44.1 What is Coaching Psychology? 818 44.1.1 What Do Coaching Psychologists Do? 818 44.1.2 Who Do Coaching Psychologists Work with? 820 44.1.3 Who Can Call Themselves a Coaching Psychologist? 820 44.2 Register of Coaching Psychologists 821 44.3 Standards in Coaching Psychology 821 44.4 Training Routes 822 44.4.1 Stage 1 and Stage 2 BPS Qualifications 822 44.4.2 Professional Recognition Route 823 44.5 Summary 825 Self- Test Questions 826 Essay Questions 826 Relevant Journals Articles 826 Relevant Web Links 826 References 826 IndexI 1

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