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Contents

Preface xv Introduction xvii Part I: Carbon Capture and Storage 1 1 Carbon Capture Storage Monitoring ( CCSM ) 3 E.D. Rode, L.A. Schaerer, Stephen A. Marinello and G. v. Hantelmann 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 State of the Art Practice 5 1.3 Marmot's CCSM Technology 6 1.4 Principles of Information Analysis 10 1.5 Operating Method 12 1.6 Instrumentation and Set up 14 Abbreviations 16 References 16 2 Key Technologies of Carbon Dioxide Flooding and Storage in China 19 Hao Mingqiang and Hu Yongle 2.1 Background 20 2.2 Key Technologies of Carbon dioxide Flooding and Storage 21 2.2.1 CO2 Miscible Flooding Theory in Continental Sedimentary Reservoirs 21 2.2.2 The Storage Mechanism of CO2 in Reservoirs and Salt Water Layers 22 2.2.3 Reservoir Engineering Technology of CO2 Flooding and Storage 22 2.2.4 High Efficiency Technology of Injection and Production for CO2 Flooding 23 2.2.5 CO2 Long-Distance Pipeline Transportation and Supercritical Injection Technology 23 2.2.6 Fluid Treatment and Circulating Gas Injection Technology of CO2 Flooding 24 2.2.7 Reservoir Monitoring and Dynamic Analysis and Evaluation Technology of CO2 Flooding 24 2.3 Existing Problems and Technical Development Direction 25 2.3.1 The Vital Communal Troubles & Challenges 25 2.3.2 Further Orientation of Technology Development 25 3 Mapping CCUS Technological Trajectories and Business Models: The Case of CO2-Dissolved 27 X. Galiegue, A. Laude and N. Befort 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 CCS and Roadmaps: From Expectations to Reality ... 29 3.3 CCS Project Portfolio: Between Diversity and Replication 30 3.3.1 Demonstration Process: Between Diversity and Replication 30 3.3.2 Diversity of the Current Project Portfolio 32 3.4 Going Beyond EOR: Other Business Models for Storage? 36 3.4.1 The EOR Legacy 36 3.4.2 From EOR to a CCS Wide-Scale Deployment 37 3.5 Coupling CCS and Geothermal Energy: Lessons from the CO2-DISSOLVED Project Study 39 3.5.1 CO2-DISSOLVED Concept 39 3.5.2 Techno-Economic Analysis of CO2-DISSOLVED 41 3.5.3 Business Models and the Replication/Diversity Dilemma 42 3.6 Conclusion 42 Acknowledgements 43 References 43 4 Feasibility of Ex-Situ Dissolution for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 47 Yuri Leonenko 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Methods to Accelerate Dissolution 50 4.2.1 In-situ 50 4.2.2 Ex-situ 52 4.3 Discussion and Conclusions 56 Acknowledgments 57 References 57 Part II: EOR 59 5 CO2 Gas Injection as an EOR Technique - Phase Behavior Considerations 61 Henrik Sorensen and Jawad Azeem Shaikh 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Features of CO2 62 5.3 Miscible CO2 Drive 63 5.4 Immiscible CO2 Drives and Density Effects 68 5.5 Asphaltene Precipitation Caused by Gas Injection 72 5.6 Gas Revaporization as EOR Technique 75 5.7 Conclusions 76 List of Symbols 76 References 77 Appendix A Reservoir Fluid Compositions and Key Property Data 78 6 Study on Storage Mechanisms in CO2 Flooding for Water-Flooded Abandoned Reservoirs 83 Rui Wang, Chengyuan Lv, Yongqiang Tang, Shuxia Zhao, Zengmin Lun and Maolei Cui 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 CO2 Solubility in Coexistence of Crude Oil and Brine 85 6.3 Mineral Dissolution Effect 88 6.4 Relative Permeability Hysteresis 90 6.5 Effect of CO2 Storage Mechanisms on CO2 Flooding 92 6.6 Conclusions 93 References 93 7 The Investigation on the Key Hydrocarbons of Crude Oil Swelling via Supercritical CO2 95 Haishui Han, Shi Li, Xinglong Chen, Ke Zhang, Hongwei Yu and Zemin Ji 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Hydrocarbon Selection 97 7.3 Experiment Section 97 7.3.1 Principle 97 7.3.2 Apparatus and Samples 99 7.3.3 Experimental Scheme Design 100 7.3.4 Procedures 100 7.4 Results and Discussion 101 7.4.1 Results and Data Processing 101 7.4.2 Volume Swelling Influenced by the Hydrocarbon Property 103 7.4.3 A New Parameter of Molar Density for Evaluating Hydrocarbon Volume Swelling 104 7.4.4 Advantageous Hydrocarbons 105 7.5 Conclusions 109 Acknowledgments 109 Nomenclature 109 References 110 8 Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Injection in Low-Permeability Heterogeneous Reservoir 113 Ze-min Ji, Shi Li and Xing-long Chen 8.1 Introduction 114 8.2 Experimental Device and Samples 114 8.3 Experimental Procedure 115 8.3.1 Experimental Results 117 8.4 Quantitative Analysis of Oil Recovery in Different Scale Pores 118 8.5 Conclusions 120 Acknowledgments 120 References 120 Part III: Data - Experimental and Correlation 123 9 Experimental Measurement of CO2 Solubility in a 1 mol/kgw CaCl2 Solution at Temperature from 323.15 to 423.15 K and Pressure up to 20 MPa 125 M. Poulain, H. Messabeb, F. Contamine, P. Cezac, J.P. Serin, J.C. Dupin and H. Martinez 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Literature Review 126 9.3 Experimental Section 127 9.3.1 Chemicals 127 9.3.2 Apparatus 128 9.3.3 Operating Procedure 128 9.3.4 Analysis 129 9.4 Results and Discussion 130 9.5 Conclusion 130 Acknowledgments 132 References 132 10 Determination of Dry-Ice Formation during the Depressurization of a CO2 Re-Injection System 135 J.A. Feliu, M. Manzulli and M.A. Alos 10.1 Introduction 136 10.2 Thermodynamics 137 10.3 Case Study 139 10.3.1 System Description 139 10.3.2 Objectives 141 10.3.3 Scenarios 141 10.3.4 Simulation Runs Conclusions 145 10.4 Conclusions 146 11 Phase Equilibrium Properties Aspects of CO2 and Acid Gases Transportation 147 A. Chapoy, and C. Coquelet 11.1 Introduction 148 11.1.1 State of the Art and Phase Diagrams 150 11.2 Experimental Work and Description of Experimental Setup 151 11.3 Models and Correlation Useful for the Determination of Equilibrium Properties 157 11.4 Presentation of Some Results 159 11.5 Conclusion 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 12 Thermodynamic Aspects for Acid Gas Removal from Natural Gas 169 Tianyuan Wang, Elise El Ahmar and Christophe Coquelet 12.1 Introduction 169 12.2 Thermodynamic Models 171 12.3 Results and Discussion 173 12.3.1 Hydrocarbons and Mercaptans Solubilities in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solution 173 12.3.2 Acid Gases (CO2/H2S) Solubilities in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solution 174 12.3.3 Multi-component Systems Containing CO2-H2S-Alkanolamine-Water-Methane-Mercaptan 177 12.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 178 Acknowledgements 179 References 179 13 Speed of Sound Measurements for a CO2 Rich Mixture 181 P. Ahmadi and A. Chapoy 13.1 Experimental Section 182 13.1.1 Material 182 13.1.2 Experimental Setup 182 13.2 Results and Discussion 183 13.3 Conclusion 184 References 185 14 Mutual Solubility of Water and Natural Gas with Different CO2 Content 187 H.M. Tu, P. Guo, J.F. Du, Shao-fei Wang, Ya-ling Zhang, Yan-kui Jiao and Zhou-hua Wang 14.1 Introduction 188 14.2 Experimental 190 14.2.1 Materials 190 14.2.2 Experimental Apparatus 190 14.2.3 Experimental Procedures 192 14.3 Thermodynamic Model 193 14.3.1 The Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State 193 14.3.2 Parameterization of the Model 195 14.4 Results and Discussion 196 14.4.1 Phase Behavior of CO2-Water 196 14.4.2 The Mutual Solubility of Water-Natural Gas 198 14.5 Conclusion 207 Acknowledgement 211 References 211 15 Effect of SO2 Traces on Metal Mobilization in CCS 215 A. Martinez-Torrents, S. Meca, F. Clarens, M. Gonzalez-Riu and M. Rovira 15.1 Introduction 215 15.2 Experimental 216 15.2.1 Sample Preparation 216 15.2.1.1 Sandstone 216 15.2.1.2 Brine 217 15.2.2 Experimental Set-up 217 15.2.3 Experimental Methodology 217 15.3 Results and Discussion 219 15.3.1 Major Components 219 15.3.2 Trace Metals 222 15.3.2.1 Strontium 224 15.3.2.2 Manganese 225 15.3.2.3 Copper 226 15.3.2.4 Zinc 226 15.3.2.5 Vanadium 227 15.3.2.6 Lead 227 15.3.3 Metal Mobilization 228 15.4 Conclusions 230 Acknowledgements 231 References 232 16 Experiments and Modeling for CO2 Capture Processes Understanding 235 Yohann Coulier, William Ravisy, J-M. Andanson, Jean-Yves Coxam and Karine Ballerat-Busserolles 16.1 Introduction 236 16.2 Chemicals and Materials 240 16.3 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 241 16.3.1 Experimental VLE of Pure Amine 241 16.3.2 Experimental VLE of {Amine - H2O} System 243 16.3.3 Modeling VLE 243 16.4 Speciation at Equilibrium 245 16.4.1 Equilibrium Measurements 1H and 13C NMR 246 16.4.2 Modeling of Species Concentration 249 Acknowledgment 252 References 252 Part IV: Molecular Simulation 255 17 Kinetic Monte Carlo Molecular Simulation of Chemical Reaction Equilibria 257 Braden D. Kelly and William R. Smith References 261 18 Molecular Simulation Study on the Diffusion Mechanism of Fluid in Nanopores of Illite in Shale Gas Reservoir 263 P. Guo, M.H. Zhang and H.M. Tu 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Models and Simulation Details 265 18.2.1 Models and Simulation Parameters 265 18.2.2 Data Processing and Computing Methods 266 18.3 Results and Discussion 268 18.3.1 Variation Law of Self Diffusion Coefficient 268 18.3.2 Density Distribution 270 18.3.3 Radial Distribution Function 271 18.4 Conclusions 273 Acknowledgements 274 References 275 19 Molecular Simulation of Reactive Absorption of CO2 in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solutions 277 Weikai Qi and William R. Smith References 279 Part V: Processes 281 20 CO2 Capture from Natural Gas in LNG Production. Comparison of Low-Temperature Purification Processes and Conventional Amine Scrubbing 283 Laura A. Pellegrini, Giorgia De Guido, Gabriele Lodi and Saeid Mokhatab 20.1 Introduction 284 20.2 Description of Process Solutions 286 20.2.1 The Ryan-Holmes Process 288 20.2.2 The Dual Pressure Low-Temperature Distillation Process 290 20.2.3 The Chemical Absorption Process 292 20.3 Methods 295 20.4 Results and Discussion 298 20.5 Conclusions 303 Nomenclature 304 Abbreviations 304 Symbols 305 Subscripts 305 Superscripts 306 Greek Symbols 306 References 306 21 CO2 Capture Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Amine (MEA) Solution 309 Mohammed-Ridha Mahi, Ilham Mokbel, Latifa Negadi and Jacques Jose 21.1 Experimental Section 309 21.2 Results and Discussion 310 21.2.1 Validation of the Experimental Method 310 21.2.2 Solubility of CO2 in the Solvent DES/MEA 311 21.2.3 Solubility of CO2 - Comparison Between DES + MEA and DES Solvent 313 21.2.4 Solubility of CO2 - Comparison Between (DES + MEA) and (H2O + MEA) Solvent 313 21.5 Conclusion 315 References 315 22 The Impact of Thermodynamic Model Accuracy on Sizing and Operating CCS Purification and Compression Units 317 S. Lasala, R. Privat and J.-N. Jaubert 22.1 Introduction 318 22.2 Thermodynamic Systems in CCUS Technologies 319 22.2.1 Compositional Characteristics of CO2 Captured Flows 319 22.2.2 Post-Combustion 320 22.2.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion 321 22.2.4 Pre-Combustion 324 22.3 Operating Conditions of Purification and Compression Units 329 22.4 Quality Specifications of CO2 Capture Flows 332 22.5 Cubic Equations of State for CCUS Fluids 334 22.6 Influence of EoS Accuracy on Purification and Compression Processes 340 22.7 Purification by Liquefaction 340 22.8 Purification by Stripping 347 22.9 Compression 351 22.10 Conclusions 354 Nomenclature and Acronyms 355 References 357 Index 361

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