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Preface xvii 1 Classification 1 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion 2 1.2. Rocket Propulsion 4 Chemical Rocket Propulsion 5 Combinations of Ducted Jet Engines and Rocket Engines 9 Nuclear Rocket Engines 10 Electric Rocket Propulsion 10 Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts 12 International Rocket Propulsion Effort 13 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 14 Space Launch Vehicles 14 Spacecraft 20 Military and Other Applications 21 References 24 2 Definitions and Fundamentals 26 2.1. Definitions 26 2.2. Thrust 31 2.3. Exhaust Velocity 33 2.4. Energy and Efficiencies 35 2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems 38 2.6. Typical Performance Values 39 2.7. Variable Thrust 40 Symbols 41 Problems 42 References 44 3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 45 3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems 45 3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 47 3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 51 Velocity 52 Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition 57 Thrust and Thrust Coefficient 61 Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse 63 Under- and Overexpanded Nozzles 67 Influence of Chamber Geometry 72 3.4. Nozzle Configurations 73 Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles 75 3.5. Real Nozzles 81 Boundary Layers 82 Multiphase Flow 83 Other Phenomena and Losses 85 Performance Correction Factors 85 Four Performance Parameters 89 3.6. Nozzle Alignment 91 Symbols 93 Problems 94 References 97 4 Flight Performance 99 4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 99 4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 104 4.3. Basic Relations of Motion 106 4.4. Space Flight 113 Elliptical Orbits 116 Deep Space 120 Perturbations 121 Mission Velocity 125 4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers 127 Reaction Control System 131 4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 133 4.7. Flight Vehicles 136 Multistage Vehicles 136 Stage Separation 138 Launch Vehicles 141 4.8. Military Missiles 144 4.9. Flight Stability 147 Symbols 149 Problems 150 References 152 5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 154 5.1. Background and Fundamentals 156 5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 161 5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 166 5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis 171 5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 172 Symbols 185 Problems 186 References 187 6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 189 6.1. Types of Propellants 192 6.2. Propellant Tanks 196 6.3. Propellant Feed Systems 203 Local Pressures and Flows 203 6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 205 6.5. Tank Pressurization 212 Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas 214 Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas 215 6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 217 Engine Cycles 218 6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 229 6.8. Engine Families 232 6.9. Valves and Pipelines 233 6.10. Engine Support Structure 239 Symbols 239 Problems 240 References 242 7 Liquid Propellants 244 7.1. Propellant Properties 245 Economic Factors 245 Performance of Propellants 246 Common Physical Hazards 250 Desirable Physical Properties 252 Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties 254 Property Variations and Specifications 254 Additives 255 7.2. Liquid Oxidizers 255 Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) 255 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 256 Nitric Acid (HNO3) 257 Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) (NTO) 258 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 259 Oxidizer Cleaning Process 259 7.3. Liquid Fuels 259 Hydrocarbon Fuels 260 Liquid Hydrogen 261 Hydrazine (N2H4) 262 Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] 263 Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) 263 7.4. Liquid Monopropellants 264 Hydrazine as a Monopropellant 264 7.5. Gaseous Propellants 266 7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns 267 Symbols 268 Problems 268 References 269 8 Thrust Chambers 271 8.1. Injectors 276 Injector Flow Characteristics 280 Factors Influencing Injector Behavior 283 8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 285 Volume and Shape 285 Heat Transfer Distribution 288 Cooling of Thrust Chambers 289 Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage 295 Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses 296 8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters 300 8.4. Materials and Fabrication 304 8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis 310 General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations 311 Transient Heat Transfer Analysis 315 Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Jacket 317 Radiation 321 8.6. Starting and Ignition 322 8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers 325 8.8. Random Variable Thrust 326 8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 328 Symbols 338 Problems 339 References 342 9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 344 9.1. Combustion Process 344 Injection/Atomization Zone 346 Rapid Combustion Zone 347 Streamtube Combustion Zone 348 9.2. Analysis and Simulation 348 9.3. Combustion Instability 349 Rating Techniques 357 Control of Instabilities 358 Problems 362 References 362 10 Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 365 10.1. Introduction 365 10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps 366 10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration 371 10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances 376 10.5. Pumps 378 Classification and Description 378 Pump Parameters 379 Influence of Propellants 385 10.6. Turbines 387 Classification and Description 387 Turbine Performance and Design Considerations 389 10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design 390 10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners 393 Symbols 395 Problems 396 References 397 11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 399 11.1. Propellant Budget 399 11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 401 11.3. Engine Design 403 11.4. Engine Controls 412 Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup 413 Automatic Controls 419 Control by Computer 421 11.5. Engine System Calibration 423 Engine Health Monitoring System 428 11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization 430 Symbols 431 Problems 432 References 433 12 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 434 12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate 439 Mass Flow Relations 444 Burning Rate Relation with Pressure 445 Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) 449 Variable Burning Rate Exponent n 452 Burning Enhancement by Erosion 453 Other Burning Rate Enhancements 455 12.2. Other Performance Issues 457 12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 462 Slivers 471 12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 472 Material Characterization 473 Structural Design 476 12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 483 Symbols 485 Problems 486 References 488 13 Solid Propellants 491 13.1. Classification 491 13.2. Propellant Characteristics 497 13.3. Hazards 505 Inadvertent Ignition 505 Aging and Useful Life 506 Case Overpressure and Failure 506 Insensitive Munitions 508 Upper Pressure Limit 510 Toxicity 510 Safety Rules 510 13.4. Propellant Ingredients 511 Inorganic Oxidizers 513 Fuels 516 Binders 516 Burning-Rate Modifiers 517 Plasticizers 518 Curing Agents or Crosslinkers 518 Energetic Binders and Plasticizers 518 Organic Oxidizers or Explosives 518 Additives 519 Particle-Size Parameters 520 13.5. Other Propellant Categories 522 Gas Generator Propellants 522 Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant 523 Igniter Propellants 524 13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 525 13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 528 Problems 531 References 534 14 Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 536 14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 536 14.2. Ignition Process 540 14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 541 14.4. Combustion Instability 543 Acoustic Instabilities 544 Analytical Models and Simulation of Combustion Stability 548 Combustion Stability Assessment, Remedy, and Design 548 Vortex-Shedding Instability 551 Problems 552 References 553 15 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 555 15.1. Rocket Motor Case 555 Metal Cases 559 Wound-Filament-Reinforced Plastic Cases 561 15.2. Nozzles 563 Classification 564 Design and Construction 566 Heat Absorption and Nozzle Materials 571 15.3. Igniter Hardware 577 Pyrotechnic Igniters 578 Pyrogen Igniters 579 Igniter Analysis and Design 581 15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 581 Problems 589 References 591 16 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 593 16.1. Applications and Propellants 594 16.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics 599 16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 602 Dynamic Behavior 605 16.4. Design Example 607 16.5. Combustion Instability 611 Symbols 615 Problems 617 References 618 17 Electric Propulsion 620 17.1. Ideal Flight Performance 626 17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 631 Resistojets 631 Arcjets 634 17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters 638 Electrostatic Devices 638 Basic Relationships for Electrostatic Thrusters 640 Electromagnetic Thrusters 646 17.4. Optimum Flight Performance 654 17.5. Mission Applications 658 17.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems 661 Power Generation Units 661 Power-Conditioning Equipment (PCU or PPU) 664 Symbols 665 Problems 666 References 668 18 Thrust Vector Control 671 18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 673 18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 683 18.3. Testing 686 18.4. Integration with Vehicle 687 Problems 688 References 688 19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 690 19.1. Selection Process 692 19.2. Criteria for Selection 697 19.3. Interfaces 699 19.4. Cost Reduction 700 References 702 20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 703 20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 705 Spectral Distribution of Radiation 711 Multiple Nozzles 714 Plume Signature 714 Vehicle Base Geometry and Recirculation 715 Compression and Expansion Waves 716 20.2. Plume Effects 717 Smoke and Vapor Trails 717 Toxicity 718 Noise 719 Spacecraft Surface Contamination 720 Radio Signal Attenuation 720 Plume Impingement on Structures 722 Heat Transfer to Clusters of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 722 20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 723 Problems 724 References 724 21 Rocket Testing 726 21.1. Types of Tests 726 21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 728 Monitoring the Environment and Controlling Toxic Materials 731 21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 735 Measurement System Terminology 736 Test Measurements 737 Health Monitoring System (HMS) 738 21.4. Flight Testing 739 21.5. Postaccident Procedures 740 References 741 Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 743 Conversion Factors (arranged alphabetically) 743 Constants 746 Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere 747 Appendix 3 Summary of Key equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 749 Index 751

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