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Contents

Contributors, ix Acknowledgements, xi PART I INTRODUCTION, 1 1 Introduction: Why novel ecosystems?, 3 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL PART II WHAT ARE NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS?, 9 2 Case Study: Hole-in-the-donut, everglades, 11 JOHN J. EWEL 3 Towards a conceptual framework for novel ecosystems, 16 LAUREN M. HALLETT, RACHEL J. STANDISH, KRISTIN B. HULVEY, MARK R. GARDENER, KATHARINE N. SUDING, BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI, STEPHEN D. MURPHY AND JAMES A. HARRIS 4 Islands: Where novelty is the norm, 29 JOHN J. EWEL, JOSEPH MASCARO, CHRISTOPH KUEFFER, ARIEL E. LUGO, LORI LACH AND MARK R. GARDENER 5 Origins of the novel ecosystems concept, 45 JOSEPH MASCARO, JAMES A. HARRIS, LORI LACH, ALLEN THOMPSON, MICHAEL P. PERRING, DAVID M. RICHARDSON AND ERLE C. ELLIS 6 Defining novel ecosystems, 58 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL PART III WHAT WE KNOW (AND DON'T KNOW) ABOUT NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS, 61 7 Perspective: Ecological novelty is not new, 63 STEPHEN T. JACKSON 8 The extent of novel ecosystems: Long in time and broad in space, 66 MICHAEL P. PERRING AND ERLE C. ELLIS 9 Case study: Geographic distribution and level of novelty of Puerto Rican Forests, 81 SEBASTIÁN MARTINUZZI, ARIEL E. LUGO, THOMAS J. BRANDEIS AND EILEEN H. HELMER 10 Novel ecosystems and climate change, 88 BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI 11 Plant invasions as builders and shapers of novel ecosystems, 102 DAVID M. RICHARDSON AND MIRIJAM GAERTNER 12 Infectious disease and novel ecosystems, 114 LAITH YAKOB Infectious disease and the novel Caribbean coral reef, 118 LAITH YAKOB AND PETER J. MUMBY 13 Case study: Do feedbacks from the soil biota secure novelty in ecosystems?, 124 JAMES A. HARRIS 14 Fauna and novel ecosystems, 127 PATRICIA L. KENNEDY, LORI LACH, ARIEL E. LUGO AND RICHARD J. HOBBS 15 Case study: Ecosystem transformations along the Colorado Front Range: Prairie dog interactions with multiple components of global environmental change, 142 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT, LAUREL M. HARTLEY AND JESSE B. NIPPERT 16 Perspective: Plus ça change, plus c'est la meme chose, 150 STEPHEN D. MURPHY PART IV WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE, 153 17 Perspective: From rivets to rivers, 155 JOSEPH MASCARO 18 Incorporating novel ecosystems into management frameworks, 157 KRISTIN B. HULVEY, RACHEL J. STANDISH, LAUREN M. HALLETT, BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI, STEPHEN D. MURPHY, CARA R. NELSON, MARK R. GARDENER, PATRICIA L. KENNEDY, TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT AND KATHARINE N. SUDING 19 The management framework in practice - making decisions in AtlanticCanadian Meadows: Chasing the elusive reference state, 172 STEPHEN D. MURPHY 20 The management framework in practice - prairie dogs at the urban interface: Conservation solutions when ecosystem change drivers are beyond the scope of management actions, 176 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT 21 The management framework in practice - how social barriers contribute to novel ecosystem maintenance: Managing reindeer populations on St George Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska, 180 KRISTIN B. HULVEY 22 The management framework in practice - can't see the wood for the trees: The changing management of the novel Miconia-Cinchona ecosystem in the humid highlands of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, 185 MARK R. GARDENER 23 The management framework in practice - designer wetlands as novel ecosystems, 189 STEPHEN D. MURPHY 24 Characterizing novel ecosystems: Challenges for measurement, 192 JAMES A. HARRIS, STEPHEN D. MURPHY, CARA R. NELSON, MICHAEL P. PERRING AND PEDRO M. TOGNETTI 25 Case study: Novelty measurement in pampean grasslands, 205 PEDRO M. TOGNETTI 26 Plant materials for novel ecosystems, 212 THOMAS A. JONES 27 Case study: Management of novel ecosystems in the Seychelles, 228 CHRISTOPH KUEFFER, KATY BEAVER AND JAMES MOUGAL 28 Perspective: Moving to the dark side, 239 PATRICIA L. KENNEDY PART V HOW DO WE APPRECIATE NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS?, 243 29 Perspective: Coming of age in a trash forest, 245 EMMA MARRIS 30 Engaging the public in novel ecosystems, 247 LAURIE YUNG, STEVE SCHWARZE, WYLIE CARR, F. STUART CHAPIN III AND EMMA MARRIS 31 Valuing novel ecosystems, 257 ANDREW LIGHT, ALLEN THOMPSON AND ERIC S. HIGGS 32 Case study: A rocky novel ecosystem: Industrial origins to conservation concern, 269 MICHAEL P. PERRING 33 The policy context: Building laws and rules that embrace novelty, 272 PETER BRIDGEWATER AND LAURIE YUNG 34 Perspective: Lake Burley Griffin, 284 PETER BRIDGEWATER 35 Case study: Shale bings in central Scotland: From ugly blots on the landscape to cultural and biological heritage, 286 BARBRA A. HARVIE AND RICHARD J. HOBBS PART VI WHAT'S NEXT?, 291 36 Perspective: A tale of two natures, 293 ERIC S. HIGGS 37 Concerns about novel ecosystems, 296 RACHEL J. STANDISH, ALLEN THOMPSON, ERIC S. HIGGS AND STEPHEN D. MURPHY 38 Novel urban ecosystems and ecosystem services, 310 MICHAEL P. PERRING, PETE MANNING, RICHARD J. HOBBS, ARIEL E. LUGO, CRISTINA E. RAMALHO AND RACHEL J. STANDISH 39 Ecosystem stewardship as a framework for conservation in a directionally changing world, 326 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT, KATHARINE N. SUDING AND F. STUART CHAPIN III 40 Case study: Novel socio-ecological systems in the North: Potential pathways toward ecological and societal resilience, 334 F. STUART CHAPIN III, MARTIN D. ROBARDS, JILL F. JOHNSTONE, TREVOR C. LANTZ AND STEVEN V. KOKELJ 41 Perspective: Is Everything a novel ecosystem? If so, do we need the concept?, 345 EMMA MARRIS, JOSEPH MASCARO AND ERLE C. ELLIS PART VII SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS, 351 42 What do we know about, and what do we do about, novel ecosystems?, 353 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL Index, 361

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