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chapter 1 Science and Measurements 1 1.1 The Scientific Method 2 HealthLink Science and Medicine5 1.2 Matter and Energy 5 1.3 Units of Measurement 9 1.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 13 1.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15 HealthLink Body Mass Index 18 HealthLink Body Temperature 21 1.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 22 1.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25 HealthLink Making Weight 28 1.8 Measurements in General Chemistry,Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29 chapter 2 A toms and Elements 42 2.1 Atoms 44 2.2 Elements 46 2.3 Trace Elements 48 2.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51 HealthLink Stable Isotopes and Drug Testing 53 2.5 Periodic Table 54 HealthLink Lead 58 2.6 The Mole 59 2.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62 BiochemistryLink Bioluminescence 67 2.8 Radioactive Isotopes 68 2.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71 HealthLink Radioisotopes for Sale 79 HealthLink CT and MRI Imaging 79 chapter 3 Compounds 88 3.1 Ions 90 3.2 The Octet Rule 93 BiochemistryLink Ionophores and Biological Ion Transport 95 3.3 Ionic Compounds 96 HealthLink Pass the Salt, Please 100 3.4 Covalent Bonds 101 3.5 Molecules 103 HealthLink Dental Fillings 105 3.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight,and Molar Mass 105 HealthLink Nitric Oxide 108 chapter 4 An Introduct ion to Organic Compounds 116 4.1 Structural Formulas 118 4.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123 HealthLink Prion Diseases 128 4.3 Noncovalent Interactions 130 4.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132 BiochemistryLink Ethylene, a Plant Hormone 134 HealthLink Sunscreens 139 chapter 5 Reactions 150 5.1 Chemical Equations 152 5.2 Reaction Types 156 5.3 Reactions Involving Water 158 5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161 HealthLink Antiseptics and Oxidation 166 5.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 167 5.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 171 5.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174 HealthLink Carbonic Anhydrase 177 chapter 6 Gases, Solutions,Colloids, and Suspensions 190 6.1 Gases and Pressure 192 HealthLink Blood Pressure 196 6.2 The Gas Laws 197 6.3 Partial Pressure 202 HealthLink Breathing 203 6.4 Solutions 204 6.5 Precipitation Reactions 207 6.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 209 6.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212 HealthLink Prodrugs 215 6.8 Concentration 216 6.9 Dilution 221 6.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222 HealthLink Saliva 224 6.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225 HealthLink Diffusion and the Kidneys 227 chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium 238 7.1 Acids and Bases 240 7.2 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 241 7.3 Equilibrium 243 7.4 Le Châtelier's Principle 246 BiochemistryLink Diving Mammals, Oxygen, and Myoglobin 249 7.5 Ionization of Water 250 7.6 The pH Scale 251 7.7 Acid and Base Strength 254 BiochemistryLink Plants as pH Indicators 257 7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 257 7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 259 7.10 Buffers 261 BiochemistryLink The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation 262 7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263 chapter 8 Organic Reactions 1-Hydrocarbons,Carboxylic Acids,Amines, and Related Compounds 276 8.1 Alkanes 278 8.2 Constitutional Isomers 282 8.3 Conformations 284 8.4 Cycloalkanes 285 8.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 287 8.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 291 8.7 Carboxylic Acids 297 8.8 Phenols 299 HealthLink A Chili Pepper Painkiller 300 8.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 301 8.10 Preparing Esters 304 HealthLink Alpha Hydroxy Acids 306 8.11 Amines 307 HealthLink Adrenaline and Related Compounds 310 8.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 311 8.13 Amides 313 HealthLink Biofilms 315 BiochemistryLink A Cure for Fleas 316 chapter 9 Organic Reactions 2-Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 334 9.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 336 9.2 Preparation 339 9.3 Reactions 341 9.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 344 9.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 347 HealthLink Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 349 9.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 349 HealthLink Protective Enzymes 351 9.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352 HealthLink Drugs in the Environment 354 chapter 10 Carbohydrates 370 10.1 Monosaccharides 372 10.2 Stereoisomers 374 10.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 381 10.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 384 10.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 386 10.6 Oligosaccharides 390 HealthLink Natural and Artificial Sweeteners 397 HealthLink Stevia 400 10.7 Polysaccharides 401 chapter 11 Lipids and Membranes 420 11.1 Fatty Acids 422 HealthLink Omega-3 Fatty Acids 426 11.2 Waxes 427 11.3 Triglycerides 429 HealthLink Trans Fats 435 HealthLink Olestra 436 11.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 437 11.5 Steroids 441 HealthLink Anabolic Steroids 445 11.6 Eicosanoids 445 11.7 Membranes 447 chapter 12 Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes 458 12.1 Amino Acids 460 12.2 The Peptide Bond 464 12.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 468 12.4 Protein Structure 469 BiochemistryLink Hemoglobin, a Globular Protein, and Collagen, a Fibrous Protein 475 HealthLink Immunotherapy 476 12.5 Denaturation 477 12.6 Enzymes 478 12.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482 HealthLink Tamiflu and Relenza as Enzyme Inhibitors 486 HealthLink Proteins in Medicine 489 chapter 13 Nucleic Acids 498 13.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 500 13.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 505 13.3 Polynucleotides 506 13.4 DNA Structure 509 13.5 Denaturation 512 13.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 514 13.7 DNA Replication 515 13.8 Transcription and RNA 517 HealthLink Lupus 519 13.9 Translation 520 13.10 Control of Gene Expression 522 HealthLink RNA Interference 524 13.11 Mutation 524 13.12 Recombinant DNA 525 BiochemistryLink Glowing Cats 528 13.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529 chapter 14 Metabolism 540 14.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 542 14.2 Overview of Metabolism 543 14.3 Digestion 548 14.4 Glycolysis 551 14.5 Gluconeogenesis 556 14.6 Glycogen Metabolism 558 14.7 Citric Acid Cycle 560 14.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 562 HealthLink Brown Fat 566 14.9 Lipid Metabolism 566 14.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571 Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582 Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and Organic Compounds 584 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591 Appendix D Glossary 639 Index I-1

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