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Contents

SECTION I Pathophysiology: Background and Overview CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology What Is Pathophysiology and Why Study It? Understanding Health and Disease Concept and Scope of Pathophysiology Beginning the Process: A Medical History New Developments and Trends Basic Terminology of Pathophysiology Introduction to Cellular Changes Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations Cell Damage and Necrosis CHAPTER 2 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Fluid Imbalance Review of Concepts and Processes Fluid Excess: Edema Fluid Deficit: Dehydration Third-Spacing: Fluid Deficit and Fluid Excess Electrolyte Imbalances Sodium Imbalance Potassium Imbalance Calcium Imbalance Other Electrolytes Acid-Base Imbalance Review of Concepts and Processes Control of Serum pH Types of Acid-Base Imbalance Treatment of Imbalances CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies Pharmacology Basic Principles Drug Effects Administration and Distribution of Drugs Drug Mechanisms and Receptors Responses Drug Classifications, Prescriptions, and Development Traditional Forms of Therapy Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Speech/Language Therapy Nutrition/Diet Registered Massage Therapy Osteopathy Chiropractic Complementary or Alternative Therapies Noncontact Therapeutic Touch Naturopathy Homeopathy Herbal Medicine Aromatherapy Biofeedback Craniosacral Therapy Asian Concepts of Disease and Healing CHAPTER 4 Pain Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Pain Etiology and Sources of Pain Structures and Pain Pathways Physiology of Pain and Pain Control Characteristics of Pain Signs and Symptoms Young Children and Pain Referred Pain Phantom Pain Pain Perception and Response Basic Classifications of Pain Acute Pain Chronic Pain Headache Central Pain Neuropathic Pain Ischemic Pain Cancer-Related Pain Pain Control Methods of Managing Pain Anesthesia SECTION II Defense/Protective Mechanisms CHAPTER 5 Inflammation and Healing Review of Body Defenses Review of Normal Capillary Exchange Physiology of Inflammation Definition Causes Steps of Inflammation Acute Inflammation Pathophysiology and General Characteristics Local Effects Systemic Effects Diagnostic Tests Potential Complications Chronic Inflammation Pathophysiology and General Characteristics Potential Complications Treatment of Inflammation Drugs Antiinflammatory Herbs and Spices First Aid Measures Other Therapies Healing Types of Healing Healing Process Factors Affecting Healing Complications Owing to Scar Formation Burns: Example of Inflammation and Healing Classifications of Burns Effects of Burn Injury and Treatments Healing of Burns Children and Burns CHAPTER 6 Infection Review of Microbiology Types of Microorganisms Other Agents of Disease Resident Flora (Indigenous Normal Flora, Resident Microbiota) Principles of Infection Transmission of Infectious Agents Host Resistance Virulence and Pathogenicity of Microorganisms New Issues Affecting Infections and Transmission Control of Transmission and Infection Physiology of Infection Onset and Development Patterns of Infection Signs and Symptoms of Infection Methods of Diagnosis Treatment and Antimicrobial Drugs Influenza (Flu): Example of Infection CHAPTER 7 Immunity Review of the Immune System Components of the Immune System Elements of the Immune System Immune Response Diagnostic Tests Process of Acquiring Immunity Outcome of Infectious Disease Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Immunity Bioterrorism Tissue and Organ Transplant Rejection Rejection Process Treatment and Prevention Hypersensitivity Reactions Type I: Allergic Reactions Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity Type IV: Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity Autoimmune Disorders Mechanism Example: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Immunodeficiency Causes of Immunodeficiency Effects of Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome SECTION III Pathophysiology of Body Systems CHAPTER 8 Skin Disorders Review of the Skin Resident Microbial Flora Skin Lesions Skin Inflammatory Disorders Contact Dermatitis Urticaria (Hives) Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Psoriasis Pemphigus Scleroderma Dupuytren's Contracture Skin Infections Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Fungal Infections Other Infections Skin Tumors Keratoses Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Kaposi Sarcoma CHAPTER 9 Musculoskeletal System Disorders Review of the Musculoskeletal System Bone Skeletal Muscle Joints Diagnostic Tests Trauma Fractures Dislocations Sprains and Strains Other Injuries Muscle Tears Repetitive Strain Injury Bone Disorders Osteoporosis Rickets and Osteomalacia Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) Osteomyelitis Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Bone Tumors Disorders of Muscle, Tendons, and Ligaments Muscular Dystrophy Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome Myositis Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Infectious (Septic) Arthritis Psoriatic Arthritis Gout (Gouty Arthritis) Ankylosing Spondylitis Other Inflammatory Joint Disorders CHAPTER 10 Blood and Circulatory System Disorders Review of the Circulatory System and Blood Anatomy, Structures, and Components Blood Vessels Blood Blood Dyscrasias Anemias Blood-Clotting Disorders Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Neoplastic Blood Disorders Polycythemia Leukemias Vascular Disorders Arterial Disorders Peripheral Vascular Disease and Atherosclerosis Aortic Aneurysms Venous Disorders Varicose Veins Thrombophlebitis and Phlebothrombosis CHAPTER 11 Lymphatic System Disorders Review of the Lymphatic System Structures and Function Composition and Production of Lymph Lymphatic Disorders Lymphadenopathy Lymphomas Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Myeloma Lymphedema Elephantiasis (Filariasis) Castleman Disease CHAPTER 12 Cardiovascular System Disorders Review of the Cardiovascular System Anatomy of the Heart Conduction System Control of the Heart Coronary Circulation Cardiac Cycle Blood Pressure Heart Disorders Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders Coronary Artery Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease, or Acute Coronary Syndrome Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias) Congestive Heart Failure Young Children With Congestive Heart Failure Congenital Heart Defects Inflammation and Infection in the Heart Vascular Disorders Hypertension Shock CHAPTER 13 Respiratory System Disorders Review of the Respiratory System Purpose and General Organization Structures in the Respiratory System Ventilation Gas Exchange Diagnostic Tests General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease Common Treatment Measures for Respiratory Disorders Infectious Diseases Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Obstructive Lung Diseases Cystic Fibrosis Lung Cancer Aspiration Obstructive Sleep Apnea Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Restrictive Lung Disorders Pneumoconioses Vascular Disorders Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Embolus Expansion Disorders Atelectasis Pleural Effusion Pneumothorax Flail Chest Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome Adult or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Acute Respiratory Failure CHAPTER 14 Nervous System Disorders Review of Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Brain Spinal Cord Neurons and Conduction of Impulses Autonomic Nervous System General Effects of Neurologic Dysfunction Local (Focal) Effects Supratentorial and Infratentorial Lesions Left and Right Hemispheres Level of Consciousness Motor Dysfunction Sensory Deficits Visual Loss: Hemianopia Language Disorders Seizures Movement Disorder: Tardive Dyskinesia Increased Intracranial Pressure Herniation Diagnostic Tests Acute Neurologic Problems Brain Tumors Vascular Disorders Infections Brain Injuries Spinal Cord Injury Congenital Neurologic Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina Bifida Cerebral Palsy Seizure Disorders Chronic Degenerative Disorders Multiple Sclerosis Parkinson Disease (Paralysis Agitans) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Myasthenia Gravis Huntington Disease Dementia Alzheimer Disease Other Forms of Dementia Mental Disorders Schizophrenia Depression Panic Disorders Spinal Cord Disorder Herniated Intervertebral Disc CHAPTER 15 Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, and Other Sensory Organs Sensory Receptors Classification Based on Location Classification Based on Stimuli The Eye Review of Structure and Function Diagnostic Tests Structural Defects Infections and Trauma Glaucoma Cataracts Retinal Detachment Macular Degeneration The Ear Review of Structure and Function Hearing Loss Ear Infections Chronic Disorders of the Ear CHAPTER 16 Endocrine System Disorders Review of the Endocrine System Endocrine Disorders Diagnostic Tests Treatment Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Pituitary Hormones Growth Hormone Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) Thyroid Disorders Goiter Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) Hypothyroidism Diagnostic Tests Adrenal Glands Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I CHAPTER 17 Digestive System Disorders Review of the Digestive System Structures and Their Functions Neural and Hormonal Controls Digestion and Absorption Common Manifestations of Digestive System Disorders Anorexia, Vomiting, and Bulimia Diarrhea Constipation Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances Pain Malnutrition Tests, Therapies, and Preventions Basic Diagnostic Tests Common Therapies and Prevention Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Disorders of the Oral Cavity Dysphagia Esophageal Cancer Hiatal Hernia Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Gastric Cancer Dumping Syndrome Pyloric Stenosis Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas Gallbladder Disorders Jaundice Hepatitis Cirrhosis Liver Cancer Acute Pancreatitis Pancreatic Cancer Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Celiac Disease Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Irritable Bowel Syndrome Appendicitis Diverticular Disease Colorectal Cancer Intestinal Obstruction Peritonitis CHAPTER 18 Urinary System Disorders Review of the Urinary System Structures and Anatomy Incontinence and Retention Diagnostic Tests Treatments for Urinary System Disorders Diuretic Drugs Dialysis Disorders of the Urinary System Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory Disorders Urinary Tract Obstructions Urolithiasis (Calculi, or Kidney Stones) Hydronephrosis Tumors Vascular Disorders Nephrosclerosis Congenital Disorders Adult Polycystic Kidney Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure CHAPTER 19 Reproductive System Disorders Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Review of the Male Reproductive System Congenital Abnormalities of the Penis and Trauma Disorders of the Testes and Scrotum Inflammation and Infections Tumors Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Review of the Female Reproductive System Structural Abnormalities Menstrual Disorders Infections and Inflammation Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors Infertility Sexually Transmitted Diseases Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Protozoan Infection SECTION IV Factors Contributing to Pathophysiology CHAPTER 20 Neoplasms and Cancer Review of Normal Cells Benign and Malignant Tumors Nomenclature Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors Malignant Tumors: Cancer Pathophysiology Etiology Treatment Prognosis Examples of Malignant Tumors Skin Cancer Ovarian Cancer Brain Cancer Cancer Incidences CHAPTER 21 Congenital and Genetic Disorders Genetic Control and Congenital Anomalies Review of Genetic Control Congenital Anomalies Genetic Disorders Single-Gene Disorders Chromosomal Disorders Multifactorial Disorders Developmental Disorders Diagnostic Tools Genetic Technology Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy Genetic Diagnosis and DNA Testing Proteomic Research and Designer Drugs CHAPTER 22 Complications of Pregnancy Embryonic and Fetal Development Embryo Development Exposure to Teratogens Fetal Development Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy Diagnosis of Pregnancy Physiologic Changes and Their Implications Potential Complications of Pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Placental Disorders Blood Clotting Disorders Rh Incompatibility Infection Adolescent Pregnancy CHAPTER 23 Complications of Adolescence Review of Changes During Adolescence Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Kyphosis and Lordosis Scoliosis Osteomyelitis Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Skin Disorders Acne Vulgaris Infection Infectious Mononucleosis Disorders Affecting Sexual Development Chromosomal Disorders Tumors Menstrual Abnormalities CHAPTER 24 Complications of Aging The Aging Process Mechanisms and Variability of Aging Senescence and Systemic Impacts Physiologic Changes With Aging Hormonal Changes Reproductive System Changes Changes in the Skin and Mucosa Cardiovascular System Changes Musculoskeletal System Changes Respiratory System Changes Nervous System Changes Digestive System Changes and Nutrition Urinary System Changes Comorbidities and Associated Factors Associated Factors Multiple Disorders SECTION V Environmental Factors and Pathophysiology CHAPTER 25 Immobility and Associated Problems Factors Involving Immobility Systemic Effects of Immobility Musculoskeletal System Effects Cutaneous Effects Cardiovascular System Effects Respiratory System Effects Digestive System Effects Urinary System Effects Neurologic/Psychological Effects Effects of Immobility on Children CHAPTER 26 Stress and Associated Problems Review of the Stress Response Selye's Stages of the Stress Response Technostress Stress and Disease Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress Coping With Stress CHAPTER 27 Substance Abuse and Associated Problems Substance Abuse Overview Opioid Overdose Crisis Terminology Predisposing Factors Environmental/Behavioral Risk Factors Indications/Recognition of Abuse Potential Complications of Substance Abuse Overdose Withdrawal Effects on Pregnancy Cardiovascular Problems Infection Neurologic/Psychological Effects Alcohol Treatment for Substance Abuse CHAPTER 28 Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems Environmental Hazards Overview Chemicals Heavy Metals Acids/Bases Inhalants Asbestos Pesticides Physical Agents Temperature Hazards Radiation Hazards Noise Hazards Food- and Water-Borne Hazards Biologic Agents Bites and Stings Appendices Index

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